Ampicillin (D-(-)-α-Aminobenzylpenicillin)

Ampicillin (D-(-)-α-Aminobenzylpenicillin) is a broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic that is active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria^[1]. Ampicillin is a competitive inhibitor of transpeptidase, which is essential for bacterial cell wall formation^[2]. Ampicillin belongs to the penicillin family and is used to prevent and treat a variety of bacterial infections, such as respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, salmonellosis, and endocarditis^[3].

In vitro, treatment of colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells with Ampicillin (10-100μM) for 24-72h resulted in a significant decrease in cell survival at the lowest concentration (10µM), while at other concentrations, the percentage of surviving cells increased with increasing doses^[4]. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus induced to be metal-resistant with Ampicillin (0-300μM) for 24h significantly inhibited the growth of cadmium-resistant strains, but did not inhibit the growth of lead-resistant strains^[5]. Ampicillin treatment increased the adhesion force measured between bacterial cells and atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips, with the average adhesion values for Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria increasing by 74% and 34%, respectively^[6].

In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of ampicillin (200 mg/kg) to mice with transient forebrain ischemia significantly reduced neuronal damage in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus, increased the level of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), and inhibited matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity after forebrain ischemia^[7].

References:
[1] Petri W A. Penicillins, cephalosporins, and other β-lactam antibiotics[J]. Goodman & Gilman’s, The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics, 2006: 1127-1154.
[2] Sutcliffe J G. Nucleotide sequence of the ampicillin resistance gene of Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1978, 75(8): 3737-3741.
[3] Khatoon N, Alam H, Khan A, et al. Ampicillin silver nanoformulations against multidrug resistant bacteria[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9(1): 6848.
[4] Hut E F, Radulescu M, Pilut N, et al. Two antibiotics, ampicillin and tetracycline, exert different effects in HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells in terms of cell viability and migration capacity[J]. Current Oncology, 2021, 28(4): 2466-2480.
[5] Chudobova D, Dostalova S, Blazkova I, et al. Effect of ampicillin, streptomycin, penicillin and tetracycline on metal resistant and non-resistant Staphylococcus aureus[J]. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2014, 11(3): 3233-3255.
[6] Laskowski D, Strzelecki J, Pawlak K, et al. Effect of ampicillin on adhesive properties of bacteria examined by atomic force microscopy[J]. Micron, 2018, 112: 84-90.
[7] Lee K E, Cho K O, Choi Y S, et al. The neuroprotective mechanism of ampicillin in a mouse model of transient forebrain ischemia[J]. The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology: Official Journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology, 2016, 20(2): 185.

Ampicillin (D-(-)-α-Aminobenzylpenicillin)是一种广谱β-内酰胺类抗生素，可对抗多种革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌^[1]。 Ampicillin是转肽酶的一种竞争性抑制剂，而转肽酶是细菌形成细胞壁所必需的^[2]。Ampicillin属于青霉素家族，该药用于预防和治疗多种细菌感染，如呼吸道感染、尿路感染、脑膜炎、沙门氏菌病和心内膜炎^[3]。

在体外，Ampicillin（10-100μM）处理结直肠腺癌HT-29细胞24-72h，最低浓度下（10µM）导致细胞存活率显著下降，而在其他浓度下，随着剂量的增加，存活细胞百分比更高^[4]。Ampicillin（0-300μM）处理被诱导出金属抗性的金黄色葡萄球菌24h，显著抑制了镉抗性菌株的生长，并没有抑制铅抗性菌株的生长^[5]。Ampicillin处理可增加细菌细胞和原子力显微镜（AFM）尖端之间测量到的粘附力，革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的平均粘附力值分别增加了74%和34%^[6]。

在体内，Ampicillin（200mg/kg）通过腹腔注射治疗短暂性前脑缺血小鼠，显著减轻了海马CA1亚区神经元的损伤，提高了谷氨酸转运蛋白-1（GLT-1）的水平，抑制了前脑缺血后基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）活性^[7]。