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Bethanechol-d6 (chloride) Sale

(Synonyms: Carbamyl-β-methylcholine-d6 chloride) 目录号 : GC48928

An internal standard for the quantification of bethanechol

Bethanechol-d6 (chloride) Chemical Structure

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500µg
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产品描述

Bethanechol-d6 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of bethanechol by GC- or LC-MS. Bethanechol is an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors with IC50 values of 1,837, 25, 631, 317, and 393 µM for M1-5, respectively, in a radioligand binding assay using CHO cells expressing the human receptors.1 It inhibits M2-mediated increases in cyclic AMP induced by isoproterenol in isolated guinea pig small intestine (IC50 = 127 µM).2 Bethanechol increases basal tone of isolated porcine intravesical ureter (EC50 = 4.27 µM).3 It also induces fluid secretion in the ileum, duodenum, and jejunum of anesthetized rats when administered at a dose of 60 µg/kg.4 Formulations containing bethanechol have been used to increase urination and improve smooth muscle tone in the gastrointestinal tract.

1.Richards, M.H., and van Giersbergen, P.L.Human muscarinic receptors expressed in A9L and CHO cells: Activation by full and partial agonistsBr. J. Pharmacol.114(6)1241-1249(1995) 2.Okamoto, H., Prestwich, S.A., Asai, S., et al.Muscarinic agonist potencies at three different effector systems linked to the M2 or M3 receptor in longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig small intestineBr. J. Pharmacol.135(7)1765-1775(2002) 3.HernÁndez, M., SÍmonsen, U., Prieto, D., et al.Different muscarinic receptor subtypes mediating the phasic activity and basal tone of pig isolated intravesical ureterBr. J. Pharmacol.110(4)1413-1420(1993) 4.Young, A., and Levin, R.J.Intestinal hypersecretion of the refed starved rat: A model for alimentary diarrhoeaGut33(8)1050-1056(1992)

Chemical Properties

Cas No. SDF
别名 Carbamyl-β-methylcholine-d6 chloride
Canonical SMILES CC(OC(N)=O)C[N+](C([2H])([2H])[2H])(C)C([2H])([2H])[2H].[Cl-]
分子式 C7H11D6N2O2•Cl 分子量 202.7
溶解度 DMSO: soluble,Water: soluble 储存条件 -20°C
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储备液的保存方式和期限:-80°C 储存时,请在 6 个月内使用,-20°C 储存时,请在 1 个月内使用。
为了提高溶解度,请将管子加热至37℃,然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。
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溶解性数据

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1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 4.9334 mL 24.667 mL 49.334 mL
5 mM 0.9867 mL 4.9334 mL 9.8668 mL
10 mM 0.4933 mL 2.4667 mL 4.9334 mL
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Research Update

A Quick Reference on chloride

Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2017 Mar;47(2):219-222.PMID:28007306DOI:10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.10.008.

chloride is an essential element, playing important roles in digestion, muscular activity, regulation of body fluids, and acid-base balance. As the most abundant anion in extracellular fluid, chloride plays a major role in maintaining electroneutrality. chloride is intrinsically linked to sodium in maintaining osmolality and fluid balance and has an inverse relationship with bicarbonate in maintaining acid-base balance. It is likely because of these close ties that chloride does not get the individual attention it deserves; we can use these facts to simplify and interpret changes in serum chloride concentrations.

Development and biological applications of chloride-sensitive fluorescent indicators

Am J Physiol 1990 Sep;259(3 Pt 1):C375-88.PMID:2205105DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.1990.259.3.C375.

chloride movement across cell plasma and internal membranes, is of central importance for regulation of cell volume and pH, vectorial salt movement in epithelia, and, probably, intracellular traffic. Quinolinium-based chloride-sensitive fluorescent indicators provide a new approach to study chloride transport mechanisms and regulation that is complementary to 36Cl tracer methods, intracellular microelectrodes, and patch clamp. Indicator fluorescence is quenched by chloride by a collisional mechanism with Stern-Volmer constants of up to 220 M-1. Fluorescence is quenched selectively by chloride in physiological systems and responds to changes in chloride concentration in under 1 ms. The indicators are nontoxic and can be loaded into living cells for continuous measurement of intracellular chloride concentration by single-cell fluorescence microscopy. In this review, the structure-activity relationships for chloride-sensitive fluorescent indicators are described. Methodology for measurement of chloride transport in isolated vesicle and liposome systems and in intact cells is evaluated critically by use of examples from epithelial cell physiology. Future directions for synthesis of tailored chloride-sensitive indicators and new applications of indicators for studies of transport regulation and intracellular ion gradients are proposed.

chloride toxicity in critically ill patients: What's the evidence?

Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2017 Apr;36(2):125-130.PMID:27476827DOI:10.1016/j.accpm.2016.03.008.

Crystalloids have become the fluid of choice in critically ill patients and in the operating room both for fluid resuscitation and fluid maintenance. Among crystalloids, NaCl 0.9% has been the most widely used fluid. However, emerging evidence suggests that administration of 0.9% saline could be harmful mainly through high chloride content and that the use of fluid with low chloride content may be preferable in major surgery and intensive care patients. Administration of NaCl 0.9% is the leading cause of metabolic hyperchloraemic acidosis in critically ill patients and side effects might target coagulation, renal function, and ultimately increase mortality. More balanced solutions therefore may be used especially when large amount of fluids are administered in high-risk patients. In this review, we discuss physiological background favouring the use of balanced solutions as well as the most recent clinical data regarding the use of crystalloid solutions in critically ill patients and patients undergoing major surgery.

Salt reduction in vegetable fermentation: reality or desire?

J Food Sci 2013 Aug;78(8):R1095-100.PMID:23772964DOI:10.1111/1750-3841.12170.

NaCl is a widely used chemical in food processing which affects sensory characteristics and safety; in fact, its presence is frequently essential for the proper preservation of the products. Because the intake of high contents of sodium is linked to adverse effects on human health, consumers demand foods with low-sodium content. A 1st step to reduce the use of salt would imply the proper application of this compound, reducing its levels to those technologically necessary. In addition, different chloride salts have been evaluated as replacers for NaCl, but KCl, CaCl2 , and ZnCl2 show the most promising perspectives of use. However, prior to any food reformulation, there is a need for exhaustive research before its application at industrial level. Salt reduction may lead to an increased risk in the survival/ growth of pathogens and may also alter food flavor and cause economic losses. This review deals with the technological, microbiological, sensorial, and health aspects of the potential low-salt and salt-substituted vegetable products and how this important segment of the food industry is responding to consumer demand.

CMBEAR: Python-Based Recharge Estimator Using the chloride Mass Balance Method in Australia

Ground Water 2022 May;60(3):418-425.PMID:34919277DOI:10.1111/gwat.13161.

The chloride mass balance (CMB) method is widely used to estimate long-term rates of groundwater recharge. In regions where surface water runoff is negligible, recharge can be estimated using measurements of chloride concentrations of groundwater and precipitation, and an estimate of long-term average rainfall. This paper presents the chloride Mass Balance Estimator of Australian Recharge (CMBEAR), a Jupyter (Python) Notebook that is set up to rapidly apply the CMB method using gridded maps of chloride deposition rates across the Australian continent. For an Australian context, the chloride deposition rate and rainfall maps have been provided. Thus, CMBEAR requires only a spreadsheet with the groundwater chloride concentration, the latitude and longitude of the sample location, and some simple user inputs. CMBEAR may be easily applied in other regions, providing that a gridded chloride deposition map is available. Recharge estimates from CMBEAR are compared against published applications of the CMB method. CMBEAR is also applied to a large dataset from the Northern Territory and is used to produce a gridded map of recharge for western Victoria. CMBEAR provides a reproducible and straightforward approach to apply the CMB method to estimate groundwater recharge.