Chlorpropham
(Synonyms: 氯苯胺灵) 目录号 : GC68056Chlorpropham 是一种植物生长调节剂和除草剂。Chlorpropham 可通过干扰纺锤体微管的组织而抑制有丝分裂和细胞分裂。
Cas No.:101-21-3
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >95.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Chlorpropham is a carbamate herbicide and plant growth regulator. Chlorpropham inhibits mitosis and cell division by interfering with the organisation of the spindle microtubules[1][2].
Chlorpropham (1-20 μM; 6 d) inhibits cell division of D. salina cultures[2].
Chlorpropham (10 or 20 μM; 6 d) shows increasement of phytoene in D. salina cultures under red LED light[2].
[1]. GÖckener B, et al. Fate of Chlorpropham during High-Temperature Processing of Potatoes. J Agric Food Chem. 2020 Feb 26;68(8):2578-2587.
[2]. Yanan Xu, et al. Phytoene and phytofluene overproduction by Dunaliella salina using the mitosis inhibitor chlorpropham. Algal Research, Volume 52, December 2020, 102126.
| Cas No. | 101-21-3 | SDF | Download SDF |
| 别名 | 氯苯胺灵 | ||
| 分子式 | C10H12ClNO2 | 分子量 | 213.66 |
| 溶解度 | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C | |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 4.6803 mL | 23.4017 mL | 46.8033 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.9361 mL | 4.6803 mL | 9.3607 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.468 mL | 2.3402 mL | 4.6803 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Fate of Chlorpropham during High-Temperature Processing of Potatoes
J Agric Food Chem 2020 Feb 26;68(8):2578-2587.PMID:31961151DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06386.
Chlorpropham is a widely used sprouting inhibitor applied on potatoes during their storage. Currently, severe concerns are raised regarding the potential formation of 3-chloroaniline from Chlorpropham during heat treatment. The reactions degrading the molecule in the matrix are quite complex under harsh processing conditions, and a molecular investigation is thus challenging. This study aims to decipher the reaction pathways and to discover new metabolites in typical high-temperature food-processing steps. For this purpose, potatoes were treated with 14C-radiolabeled Chlorpropham, stored for up to 6 months, and subjected to the traditional preparation steps of boiling, frying, and baking. A quantification method including an acidic hydrolysis was developed for analysis of free and bound analytes. All conducted processing steps led to a substantial mitigation of Chlorpropham residues in the consumable products. Of the residues, 17 ± 6% remained in boiled tubers, while 27 ± 3 and 22 ± 3% remained in the fried and baked products, respectively. Chlorpropham was transferred into the surrounding media (boiling water, frying oil, and air, respectively). 3-Chloroaniline was only (raw tubers) or predominantly (processed tubers) present as a bound analyte and was shown to form during storage but not during processing. Additionally, nonextractable and nonquantified residues were detected in the baked and in the long-term-stored tubers after processing. Future studies will have to balance beneficial (mitigating) and potentially hazardous aspects of these results. By transferring the 14C-food-processing approach to a variety of substances, ingredients, and processes, it will be possible to further understand chemical reactions in food processing, finally leading to safer food.
Evaluation of Cellular Uptake and Removal of Chlorpropham in the Treatment of Dunaliella salina for Phytoene Production
Mar Drugs 2022 May 30;20(6):367.PMID:35736170DOI:10.3390/md20060367.
Chlorpropham is a carbamate herbicide that inhibits cell division and has been widely used as a potato sprout suppressant. Recently we showed that the microalga Dunaliella salina treated with Chlorpropham massively accumulated the colourless carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene. Phytoene and phytofluene are valued for their antioxidant, UV-absorption and skin protectant properties; however, they are present in very low quantities in nature. The low toxicity herbicide Chlorpropham seems a promising catalyst to produce phytoene in large quantities from CO2 and solar energy with D. salina. This study explored Chlorpropham uptake by the algal cells, the formation of potential intermediate metabolites, and the removal of residual Chlorpropham from harvested D. salina biomass. Algal biomass rapidly concentrated Chlorpropham from culture media. However, washing the harvested biomass with fresh culture medium twice and five times removed ~83 and ~97% of the Chlorpropham from the biomass, respectively, and retained algal cell integrity. Furthermore, chloroaniline, a common metabolite of Chlorpropham degradation, was not detected in chlorpropham-treated cultures, which were monitored every two days for thirty days. Cells treated with Chlorpropham for either 10 min or 24 h continued to over-accumulate phytoene after resuspension in an herbicide-free medium. These data imply that whilst Dunaliella cells do not possess the intracellular capacity to degrade Chlorpropham to chloroaniline, the effect of Chlorpropham is irreversible on cell nuclear division and hence on carotenoid metabolism.
Developmental toxicity of Chlorpropham induces pathological changes and vascular irregularities in zebrafish embryos
Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020 Oct;236:108802.PMID:32450337DOI:10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108802.
Chlorpropham is used to prevent sprouting in stored agricultural products. It functions through mitosis inhibition or microtubule assembly inhibition in target organisms including plants, protozoa, and fungi. Although the toxicity ranges of Chlorpropham in different organisms are known, specific studies on the environmental contamination and the harmful effects of Chlorpropham has not been elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated that toxicity assays of Chlorpropham using zebrafish embryos showed pathological morphology alteration with half the embryos undergoing embryonic death. Fluorescent dye was used in live embryos to identify whether oxidative stress and apoptosis mediated developmental malformation. Specific genes related to apoptosis, ccnd1, ccne1, and cdk6, belonging to cell cycle regulation were downregulated on exposure to sublethal concentrations of Chlorpropham. Moreover, vascular morphogenesis, which contributes to the cardiovascular circulatory system, was disrupted by Chlorpropham along with decreased expression of specific regulators (flt1, kdr, and vegfaa). These data suggest that environmentally preserved Chlorpropham is a potential pollutant in non-target species, especially in aquatic organisms, and emphasizes the need for caution regarding the ecotoxicity of Chlorpropham.
[Determination of Chlorpropham residues in animal-derived foods by solid phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry]
Se Pu 2022 Jan;40(1):41-47.PMID:34985214DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.02009.
Chlorpropham is a plant growth regulator and a herbicide. It is commonly used in the post-harvest treatment of potato to inhibit germination. It can also be used for flower thinning and fruit thinning of fruit trees, and for controlling annual gramineous weeds and a few broad-leaved weeds. Improper or excessive use of Chlorpropham in crop cultivation will affect the safety of animal-derived food and impair human health through the food chain and water cycle. Therefore, accurate quantification of Chlorpropham is imperative for risk assessment and mitigating risks to food safety. A method based on solid phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS) was established for the determination of Chlorpropham in animal-derived food. First, the pretreatment conditions were optimized. To purify the samples and remove impurities, SPE column cartridges with different packing materials such as PXC, PXA, Florisil, and PLS were investigated. Based on the retention of Chlorpropham, the ProElut PLS SPE column was selected as the pretreatment purification column. The washing solution and eluents were then optimized. When water was used as the washing solution, Chlorpropham remained adsorbed on the SPE column and was not eluted along with other water-soluble substances. When the proportion of acetonitrile exceeded 40%, Chlorpropham adsorbed on the filler of the SPE column could be gradually washed down. Acetonitrile-water solution(30∶70, v/v) was used for washing the SPE column. The elution ability of seven eluents for Chlorpropham on the SPE column was then investigated. Among them, pure methanol, pure acetonitrile, and 1% (v/v) formic acid-methanol showed better elution effect. Considering that acetonitrile was used in the sample extraction, it was chosen as the mobile phase eluent. Subsequently, the chromatographic conditions and MS parameters were optimized. By examining the ionization cracking of Chlorpropham, the quasimolecular ions and corresponding fragmentations in the Chlorpropham primary MS were determined. The separation effect of three C18 columns was investigated. Based on the retention ability and peak effect of Chlorpropham on the column, the Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 (150 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm) column was used for Chlorpropham separation. The response of Chlorpropham in the positive and negative ionization modes was investigated and optimized. The results showed that the response was better in the positive ion mode than that in the negative ion mode. After optimizing the chromatographic conditions and MS parameters, the sensitivity of the method was improved. Finally, the analytes were separated on the Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 (150 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm) under a gradient elution program using acetonitrile and 0.2% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution as the mobile phases. The analytes were detected in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode under positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) conditions. The standard curve solutions were prepared using the matrix solution and quantified by the external standard method. The results showed a good linear relationship in the range of 0.5-100.0 μg/L, with correlation coefficients (r2) greater than 0.9929. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of this method was 3 μg/kg (S/N ≥ 10). At three spiked levels (0.003, 0.006, and 0.060 mg/kg) in 13 animal-derived foods (pork, milk, beef, chicken, duck, egg, chicken gizzard, duck egg, pork kidney, pork liver, beef liver, mutton, duck gizzard), the average recoveries were in the range of 74.9% to 97.6%, and the RSDs were in the range of 2.9% to 9.5% (n=6). Sixty batches of animal-derived food available on the market were analyzed by the developed method, and Chlorpropham was not detected in any of these foods. The developed method is rapid, sensitive, and accurate, and it is suitable for the qualitative and quantitative detection of Chlorpropham in a variety of animal-derived foods.
Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance Chlorpropham
EFSA J 2017 Jul 26;15(7):e04903.PMID:32625564DOI:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4903.
The conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, the Netherlands, and co-rapporteur Member State, Spain, for the pesticide active substance Chlorpropham and the assessment of applications for maximum residue levels (MRLs) are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of Chlorpropham as a plant growth regulator on potatoes and as a herbicide on glasshouse and field lettuce, field onion and field flower bulbs. MRLs were assessed in potato and animal commodities. The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment and the proposed MRLs, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are identified.