Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride is a CD38 inhibitor and inhibits CD38 enzyme activity.Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride improves blood glucose concentration and lipid homeostasis and reduces obesity^[1-2].

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (30 or 100 μM) blocks chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell chemotaxis, adhesion, and in vivo homing by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of CD38. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride blocked the conversion of nicotinamide guanine dinucleotide (NGD) to cGDPR in a dose-dependent manner, which was reduced by ~80% when CD38⁺ CLL cells were exposed to 100 μM Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride^[1]. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride reduced the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, DNA damage, and PARS activation in peroxynitrite-induced HUVEC cells and ameliorated the development of peroxynitrite-induced vascular dysfunction^[3].

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (1, 2 and 5 mg/kg) is neuroprotective in a mouse model of permanent cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO), and this beneficial effect may be mediated through the attenuation of cerebral superoxide levels after ischemia^[4]. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (10 and 20 mg/kg) significantly reduced body weight, fasting glucose, serum insulin, C-peptide, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c and systolic blood pressure levels in diabetic mice. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride reduced renal body weight ratio and blood urea nitrogen ( BUN), serum creatinine, urinary albumin content and albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) levels, and ameliorated the pathological changes of kidneys^[2].

References:
[1] Vaisitti T, Audrito V, Serra S, et al. The enzymatic activities of CD38 enhance CLL growth and trafficking: implications for therapeutic targeting[J]. Leukemia, 2015, 29(2): 356-368.
[2] Qin Y, Zhai Q, Li Y, et al. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside ameliorates diabetic nephropathy through regulation of glutathione pool[J]. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2018, 103: 1223-1230.
[3] Serraino I, Dugo L, Dugo P, et al. Protective effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside from blackberry extract against peroxynitrite-induced endothelial dysfunction and vascular failure[J]. Life Sciences, 2003, 73(9): 1097-1114.
[4] Min J, Yu S W, Baek S H, et al. Neuroprotective effect of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside anthocyanin in mice with focal cerebral ischemia[J]. Neuroscience letters, 2011, 500(3): 157-161.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride是CD38抑制剂，可抑制CD38酶活性。Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride可以改善血糖浓度和脂质稳态，并减少肥胖^[1-2]。

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride（30或100 μM）可通过抑制CD38的酶活性阻断慢性淋巴细胞白血病细胞（CLL）趋化性，粘附和体内归巢。Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride以剂量依赖性方式阻断了烟酰胺鸟嘌呤二核苷酸（NGD）向cGDPR的转化，当将CD38⁺ CLL细胞暴露于100 μM Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride时，这种转化减少了~80%^[1]。Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride降低了过氧亚硝酸盐诱导的HUVEC细胞中线粒体呼吸的抑制、DNA损伤和PARS激活，改善了过氧亚硝酸盐诱导的血管功能障碍的发展^[3]。

在小鼠永久性大脑动脉闭塞（pMCAO）模型中，Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride（ 1、 2 和 5 mg/kg ）具有神经保护作用，这种有益作用可能是通过缺血后脑超氧化物水平的衰减介导的^[4]。Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride（ 10 和 20 mg/kg ）显著降低了糖尿病小鼠的体重、空腹血糖、血清胰岛素、C肽、糖化血红蛋白A1c和收缩压水平。Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride降低了肾体重比值和血尿素氮（BUN）、血清肌酐、尿白蛋白含量和白蛋白/肌酐比值（ACR）水平，改善了肾脏的病理变化^[2]。