Cyclic di-GMP (sodium salt)

Cyclic di-GMP is a second messenger in bacteria involved in diverse prokaryotic processes, including biofilm formation, motility, virulence, and cell cycling.[1],[2] In eukaryotic cells, cyclic di-GMP is detected by and binds to the transmembrane protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING; Kd = 1.21 µM), leading to activation of the innate immune system.[3],[4] It has been used at a preset molar ratio with STING dimers in binding assays to determine the binding constants of particularly tight binding partners, such as 2’3’-cGAMP. Cyclic di-GMP induces IFN-β mRNA expression in vitro (EC50 = 537.8 nM) but less potently than 2’3’-cGAMP, 3’2’-cGAMP, 3’3’-cGAMP, and 2’2’-cGAMP.

Reference:
[1]. Römling, U., Galperin, M.Y., and Gomelsky, M. Cyclic di-GMP: The first 25 years of a universal bacterial second messenger Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 77(1), 1-52 (2013).
[2]. Martínez, L.C., and Vadyvaloo, V. Mechanisms of post-transcriptional gene regulation in bacterial biofilms Front.Cell.Neurosci. 4(38), 1-15 (2014).
[3]. Schaap, P. Cyclic di-nucleotide signaling enters the eukaryote domain IUBMB Life 65(11), 897-903 (2013).
[4]. Zhang, X., Shi, H., Wu, J., et al. Cyclic GMP-AMP containing mixed phosphodiester linkages is an endogenous high-affinity ligand for STING Mol. Cell 51(2), 226-235 (2015).