Digeranyl bisphosphonate
(Synonyms: DGBP) 目录号 : GC65270
Digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP) 是一种有效的香叶基焦磷酸香叶酯 (GGPP) 合酶抑制剂，抑制 Rac1 的香叶基焦磷酸化。
Cas No.:878143-03-4
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >98.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP) is a potent geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) synthase inhibitor, which inhibits geranylgeranylation of Rac1.
Digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP) impairs geranylgeranylation. To examine if Digeranyl bisphosphonate modulates Rac1 activity, cells are exposed to vehicle or Digeranyl bisphosphonate. Rac1 activation increases significantly after chrysotile exposure, whereas the activity in Digeranyl bisphosphonate -treated cells is reduced to control levels. Digeranyl bisphosphonate also decreases H2O2 generation in chrysotile-exposed macrophages[1].
To further evaluate the effect of Digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP; 0.2 mg/kg/day) in protecting mice from chrysotile-induced pulmonary fibrosis, the mice are administered vehicle or Digeranyl bisphosphonate subcutaneously in osmotic pumps, and exposed to saline or chrysotile the following day. Mice exposed to saline have normal lung architecture with vehicle and Digeranyl bisphosphonate treatment. Chrysotile-exposed mice that receive vehicle have significant architectural changes in their lung parenchyma and large amounts of collagen deposition, whereas the lungs of the Digeranyl bisphosphonate -treated mice are essentially normal. To investigate the effect of Digeranyl bisphosphonate in Bleomycin-induced fibrosis, osmotic pumps containing either vehicle or Digeranyl bisphosphonate are implanted subcutaneously in WT mice. Mice are exposed to saline or Bleomycin the following day. Digeranyl bisphophonate (0.2 mg/kg/day)-treated mice show significantly less hydroxyproline compared to vehicle-treated mice exposed to Bleomycin[1].
[1]. Osborn-Heaford HL, et al. Targeting the isoprenoid pathway to abrogate progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2015 Sep;86:47-56.
| Cas No. | 878143-03-4 | SDF | Download SDF |
| 别名 | DGBP | ||
| 分子式 | C21H34Na4O6P2 | 分子量 | 536.4 |
| 溶解度 | DMSO : 2 mg/mL (3.73 mM; Need ultrasonic)|Water : 2 mg/mL (3.73 mM; Need ultrasonic) | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C, protect from light, stored under nitrogen |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 1.8643 mL | 9.3214 mL | 18.6428 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.3729 mL | 1.8643 mL | 3.7286 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.1864 mL | 0.9321 mL | 1.8643 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Digeranyl bisphosphonate inhibits geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007 Feb 23;353(4):921-5.PMID:17208200DOI:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.094.
A primary cellular target of the clinical nitrogenous bisphosphonates is the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. Specifically these drugs inhibit the enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase and deplete cells of larger isoprenoids. Inhibition of this enzyme results in impaired processing of both farnesylated and geranylgeranylated proteins. We recently showed that isoprenoid-containing bisphosphonates such as Digeranyl bisphosphonate inhibit protein geranylgeranylation and not farnesylation. Here, we show that this impairment results from potent and specific inhibition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, which leads to enhanced depletion of intracellular geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate relative to the nitrogenous bisphosphonate zoledronate.
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate depletion inhibits breast cancer cell migration
Invest New Drugs 2011 Oct;29(5):912-20.PMID:20480384DOI:10.1007/s10637-010-9446-y.
The objective of this study was to determine whether geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibition, and therefore geranylgeranyl diphosphate depletion, interferes with breast cancer cell migration. Digeranyl bisphosphonate is a specific geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitor. We demonstrate that Digeranyl bisphosphonate depleted geranylgeranyl diphosphate and inhibited protein geranylgeranylation in MDA-MB-231 cells. Similar to GGTI-286, a GGTase I inhibitor, digeranyl bisphosphate significantly inhibited migration of MDA-MB-231 cells as measured by transwell assay. Similarly, Digeranyl bisphosphonate reduced motility of MDA-MB-231 cells in a time-dependent manner as measured by large scale digital cell analysis system microscopy. Digeranyl bisphosphonate was mildly toxic and did not induce apoptosis. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with Digeranyl bisphosphonate decreased membrane while it increased cytosolic RhoA localization. In addition, Digeranyl bisphosphonate increased RhoA GTP binding in MDA-MB-231 cells. The specificity of geranylgeranyl diphosphonate synthase inhibition by Digeranyl bisphosphonate was confirmed by exogenous addition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate addition prevented the effects of Digeranyl bisphosphonate on migration, RhoA localization, and GTP binding to RhoA in MDA-MB-231 cells. These studies suggest that geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors are a novel approach to interfere with cancer cell migration.
Bisphosphonates induce autophagy by depleting geranylgeranyl diphosphate
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011 May;337(2):540-6.PMID:21335425DOI:10.1124/jpet.110.175521.
Multiple studies have implicated the depletion of isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway intermediates in the induction of autophagy. However, the exact mechanism by which isoprenoid biosynthesis inhibitors induce autophagy has not been well established. We hypothesized that inhibition of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) by bisphosphonates would induce autophagy by depleting cellular geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) and impairing protein geranylgeranylation. Herein, we show that an inhibitor of FDPS (zoledronate) and an inhibitor of GGDPS (Digeranyl bisphosphonate, DGBP) induce autophagy in PC3 prostate cancer and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells as measured by accumulation of the autophagic marker LC3-II. Treatment of cells with lysosomal protease inhibitors [(2S,3S)-trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-3-methylbutane ethyl ester (E-64d) and pepstatin A] in combination with zoledronate or Digeranyl bisphosphonate further enhances the formation of LC3-II, indicating that these compounds induce autophagic flux. It is noteworthy that the addition of exogenous GGPP prevented the accumulation of LC3-II and impairment of Rab6 (a GGTase II substrate) geranylgeranylation by isoprenoid pathway inhibitors (lovastatin, zoledronate, and DGBP). However, exogenous GGPP did not restore isoprenoid pathway inhibitor-induced impairment of Rap1a (a GGTase I substrate) geranylgeranylation. In addition, specific inhibitors of farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase I are unable to induce autophagy in our system. Furthermore, the addition of bafilomycin A1 (an inhibitor of autophagy processing) enhanced the antiproliferative effects of Digeranyl bisphosphonate. These results are the first to demonstrate that bisphosphonates induce autophagy. Our study suggests that induction of autophagy in PC3 cells with these agents is probably dependent upon impairment of geranylgeranylation of GGTase II substrates.
Targeting the isoprenoid pathway to abrogate progression of pulmonary fibrosis
Free Radic Biol Med 2015 Sep;86:47-56.PMID:25958207DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.031.
Fibrotic remodeling in lung injury is a major cause of morbidity. The mechanism that mediates the ongoing fibrosis is unclear, and there is no available treatment to abate the aberrant repair. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a critical role in inducing fibrosis by modulating extracellular matrix deposition. Specifically, mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by alveolar macrophages is directly linked to pulmonary fibrosis as inhibition of mitochondrial H2O2 attenuates the fibrotic response in mice. Prior studies indicate that the small GTP-binding protein, Rac1, directly mediates H2O2 generation in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Geranylgeranylation of the C-terminal cysteine residue (Cys(189)) is required for Rac1 activation and mitochondrial import. We hypothesized that impairment of geranylgeranylation would limit mitochondrial oxidative stress and, thus, abrogate progression of pulmonary fibrosis. By targeting the isoprenoid pathway with a novel agent, Digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP), which impairs geranylgeranylation, we demonstrate that Rac1 mitochondrial import, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and progression of the fibrotic response to lung injury are significantly attenuated. These observations reveal that targeting the isoprenoid pathway to alter Rac1 geranylgeranylation halts the progression of pulmonary fibrosis after lung injury.
The effects of direct inhibition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase on osteoblast differentiation
J Cell Biochem 2011 Jun;112(6):1506-13.PMID:21503955DOI:10.1002/jcb.23087.
Statins, drugs commonly used to lower serum cholesterol, have been shown to stimulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. These effects have been attributed to the depletion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). In this study, we tested whether specific inhibition of GGPP synthase (GGPPS) with Digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP) would similarly lead to increased osteoblast differentiation. DGBP concentration dependently decreased intracellular GGPP levels in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts and primary rat calvarial osteoblasts, leading to impaired Rap1a geranylgeranylation. In contrast to our hypothesis, 1 µM DGBP inhibited matrix mineralization in the MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. Consistent with this, DGBP inhibited the expression of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in primary osteoblasts. By inhibiting GGPPS, DGBP caused an accumulation of the GGPPS substrate farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). This effect was observed throughout the time course of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast differentiation. Interestingly, DGBP treatment led to activation of the glucocorticoid receptor in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells, consistent with recent findings that FPP activates nuclear hormone receptors. These findings demonstrate that direct inhibition of GGPPS, and the resulting specific depletion of GGPP, does not stimulate osteoblast differentiation. This suggests that in addition to depletion of GGPP, statin-stimulated osteoblast differentiation may depend on the depletion of upstream isoprenoids, including FPP.