Diphenyleneiodonium chloride
(Synonyms: 二苯基氯化碘盐,DPI) 目录号 : GC12520
二苯碘铵 (DPI) 氯化物 (DPIC) 作为 NADH/NADPH 氧化酶抑制剂，对 Mtb 和 S. aureus 具有有效的抗菌活性。
Cas No.:4673-26-1
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >99.50%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
| Cell experiment [1]: | |
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Cell lines |
MG-63 cells |
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Preparation Method |
Permeabilization of the cytoplasmic membrane of MG-63 cells was achieved by exposing the cells to 12 µM digitonin for 10 min. Permeabilized MG-63 cells were treated with different concentrations of DPI (0.625 µM, 1.25 µM, 2.5 µM, 5 µM, 10 µM, and 100 µM) and 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the control. |
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Reaction Conditions |
0.625 µM, 1.25 µM, 2.5 µM, 5 µM, 10 µM, and 100 µM; 30 min |
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Applications |
After 30 min of treatment, mitochondrial respiration with glutamate/malate (substrates of complex I) decreased with increasing DPI concentrations (0.625-100 M), reaching its minimum at approx. 5 µM DPI. |
| Animal experiment [2]: | |
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Animal models |
female BALB/c mice (18-20 gm) |
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Preparation Method |
Mice were rendered neutropenic by a series of cyclophosphamide injections given intraperitoneally (IP) 1 day and 1 h before infection. This was followed by injection of S. aureus ATCC 29213 in the right thigh of mice to establish infection. After 3 h post infection, DPI chloride (DPIC) and vancomycin at 1 mg/Kg and 25 mg/Kg of body weight respectively, were injected IP into mice twice at an interval of 3 h between injections. Control animals were administered saline in the same volume and frequency as those receiving treatment. After 24 h, the mice were sacrificed, thigh tissue were collected from the animal and weighed. |
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Dosage form |
1 mg/Kg; i.p. |
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Applications |
Treatment with DPI chloride significantly reduced mean bacterial counts in thigh compared to control group, which is comparable to vancomycin. Vancomycin at 25 mg/Kg caused a reduction of ~1 log10 cfu while DPI chloride at 1 mg/Kg caused a reduction of ~1.2 log10 cfu in 24 h as compared to no-drug control. |
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References: [1] Zavadskis S, et al. Effect of Diphenyleneiodonium Chloride on Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism with Emphasis on NADPH Oxidase and Mitochondria in Two Therapeutically Relevant Human Cell Types. Pharmaceutics. 2020 Dec 23;13(1):10. | |
Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) chloride (DPIC), as a NADH/NADPH oxidase inhibitor, has possessing potent antimicrobial activity against Mtb and S. aureus[1].
In vitro efficacy test it shown that DPIC was equi-potently effective against drug-resistant clinical isolates of S. aureus with MIC of 0.5-1 mg/L as compared to S. aureus ATCC 29213. DPIC has no obvious potency against gram-negative bacteria with MIC ranging from 4-32 mg/L. DPIC also has potent antimicrobial activity against H37Rv with MIC of 0.39 μM or 0.12 mg/L[1]. In vitro, with 0.1 mM DPIC inhibits fungal spore germination and bacterial cell proliferation[2]. In vitro, treatment with 10 μM Diphenyleneiodonium chloride, DPI has strongest inhibition against neutrophil extracellular trap creation[3]. In vitro test it exhibited that treatment with 0.5-4 μM DPI in HCT116 cells decrease in G1 and increase in S phase cells. In addition, DPI treatment (0.5 μM DPI for 3 days) induces senescence of MCF-7 cells[4].
In vivo test it demonstrated that rat were administrated with 1 mg/kg DPI subcutaneously maybe protect against the functional and neurohistological damage of bupivacaine-blocked sciatic nerves in a high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced DN model[5]. In vivo, treatment with 5 mg/kg DPI intraperitoneally in Sprague-Dawley rats, there was obvious reduction in the intracellular ROS, the number of inflammatory cells, and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in BALF compared with LPS-treated rats[6].
References:
[1] Pandey M, et al. Diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPIC) displays broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. Sci Rep. 2017 Sep 14;7(1):11521.
[2] Jung B, et al. Efficacy of Diphenyleneiodonium Chloride (DPIC) Against Diverse Plant Pathogens. Mycobiology. 2019 Jan 14;47(1):105-111.
[3] Ostafin M, et al. Different procedures of diphenyleneiodonium chloride addition affect neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Anal Biochem. 2016 Sep 15;509:60-66.
[4] Piszczatowska K, et al. Inhibition of NADPH Oxidases Activity by Diphenyleneiodonium Chloride as a Mechanism of Senescence Induction in Human Cancer Cells. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Dec 8;9(12):1248.
[5] Ji ZH, et al. Diphenyleneiodonium Mitigates Bupivacaine-Induced Sciatic Nerve Damage in a Diabetic Neuropathy Rat Model by Attenuating Oxidative Stress. Anesth Analg. 2017 Aug;125(2):653-661.
[6] Kim SK, et al. Protective effects of diphenyleneiodonium, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2019 Feb;46(2):153-162.
二苯碘铵 (DPI) 氯化物 (DPIC) 作为 NADH/NADPH 氧化酶抑制剂,对 Mtb 和 S. aureus 具有有效的抗菌活性[1]。
体外药效试验表明,DPIC对金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药临床分离株具有同等效力,MIC为0.5-1 mg/L,与金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 29213相比,DPIC对金黄色葡萄球菌无明显效力MIC 范围为 4-32 mg/L 的革兰氏阴性菌。 DPIC 还对 H37Rv 具有有效的抗菌活性,MIC 为 0.39 μM 或 0.12 mg/L[1]。在体外,0.1 mM DPIC 抑制真菌孢子萌发和细菌细胞增殖[2]。在体外,用 10 μM Diphenyleneiodonium chloride 处理后,DPI 对中性粒细胞胞外陷阱产生的抑制作用最强[3]。体外试验表明,在 HCT116 细胞中用 0.5-4 μM DPI 处理后,G1 期细胞减少,S 期细胞增加。此外,DPI 处理（0.5 μM DPI 处理 3 天）可诱导 MCF-7 细胞衰老[4]。
体内试验表明,在高脂肪饮食/链脲佐菌素诱导的 DN 模型中,皮下给予大鼠 1 mg/kg DPI 可能会防止布比卡因阻断坐骨神经的功能和神经组织学损伤[5 ]。在体内,用 5 mg/kg DPI 腹腔注射 Sprague-Dawley 大鼠,与 LPS 处理相比,BALF 中的细胞内 ROS、炎症细胞数量和细胞因子（TNF-α 和 IL-6）明显减少大鼠[6].
| Cas No. | 4673-26-1 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 二苯基氯化碘盐,DPI | ||
| 化学名 | dodecahydrodibenzo[b,d]iodol-5-ium chloride | ||
| Canonical SMILES | C12C(CCCC3)C3[I+]C1CCCC2.[Cl-] | ||
| 分子式 | C12H8ClI | 分子量 | 314.55 |
| 溶解度 | 500 µg/ml in DMSO, <100 µg/ml in Ethanol, <100 µg/ml in Methanol | 储存条件 | Desiccate at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 3.1791 mL | 15.8957 mL | 31.7914 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.6358 mL | 3.1791 mL | 6.3583 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.3179 mL | 1.5896 mL | 3.1791 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Combined Levo-tetrahydropalmatine and diphenyleneiodonium chloride enhances antitumor activity in hepatocellular carcinoma
Pharmacol Res2022 May;179:106219.PMID: 35413508DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106219
Metabolic dysregulation is a hallmark of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AMPK is a crucial hub of metabolic regulation during cancer progression. We show that phytochemical Levo-tetrahydropalmatine (THP) activates AMPK-dependent autophagy to downregulate the mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis. Consequently, THP significantly decreased cell viability in two HCC cell lines, BEL-7402 and SMMC-7721. Similarly, NOX4 inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) induces concomitant downregulation of the mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolism. In contrast to THP, cells are less sensitive to proliferation inhibition induced by DPI treatment as compared to THP treatment did. Combined treatment of THP and DPI was found to be more efficacious in killing cancer cells than either of the agents treated individually. Indeed, the co-operative effect by the THP-DPI combination improves the pro-apoptotic activity in response to the energy depletion as outlined by a drastic decrease in ATP levels. Therapeutic regime significantly reduced the tumor growth in mice. Importantly, this is realized without causing systemic toxicity to other organs. Collectively, our work shows that the combinatorial therapy of autophagy activator THP and NOX4 inhibitor DPI may be considered as a therapeutic avenue against HCC.
Diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPIC) displays broad-spectrum bactericidal activity
Sci Rep2017 Sep 14;7(1):11521.PMID: 28912539DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11575-5
Indiscriminate use of antibiotics globally has lead to an increase in emergence of drug-resistant pathogens under both nosocomial, as well as more worryingly, in community setting as well. Further, a decrease in the corporate interest and financial commitment has exerted increasing pressure on a rapidly dwindling antimicrobial drug discovery and developmental program. In this context, we have screened the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC, Sigma) against Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis to identify potent novel antimicrobial molecules amongst non-antibiotic molecules. Microplate-based whole cell growth assay was performed to analyze the antimicrobial potency of the compounds against Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We identified diphenyleneiodonium chloride, a potent inhibitor of NADH/NADPH oxidase, as a broad-spectrum antibiotic potently active against drug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Intriguingly, the diphenyleneiodonium chloride was also very effective against slow-growing non-replicating Mtb persisters. FIC index demonstrated a strongly synergistic interaction between diphenyleneiodonium chloride and Rifampicin while it did not interact with INH. The antimicrobial property of the diphenyleneiodonium chloride was further validated in vivo murine neutropenic thigh S. aureus infection model. Taken together, these findings suggest that Diphenyleneiodonium chloride can be potentially repurposed for the treatment of tuberculosis and staphylococcal infections.
Diphenyleneiodonium chloride synergizes with diazoxide to enhance protection against amyloid ¦ induced neurotoxicity
J Integr Neurosci2019 Dec 30;18(4):445-449.PMID: 31912704DOI: 10.31083/j.jin.2019.04.1174
We examined synergistic effects of inhibiting reactive oxygen species generated from the mitochondria and from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase on neurotoxicity. Primary hippocampal neurons were exposed to amyloid ¦¬ and the cells were treated with diazoxide or/and diphenyleneiodonium chloride. We found that the cell viability was decreased significantly after exposure to amyloid ¦ for 72 h with higer reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels, higher caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 levels and lower B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) level. Both diazoxide and diphenyleneiodonium increased cell viability by inhibiting the increase in reactive oxygen species and caspase-3 activity as well as the decrease in Bcl-2 induced by amyloid ¦® The combination of diazoxide and diphenyleneiodonium exhibited better protective effects compared to a single treatment. In conclusion, the activation of a mitochondrial potassium channel in combination with the inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase exhibit synergistic protective effects against amyloid ¦ neurotoxicity.
Efficacy of Diphenyleneiodonium Chloride (DPIC) Against Diverse Plant Pathogens
Mycobiology2019 Jan 14;47(1):105-111.PMID: 31001452DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1559122
Many of the fungicides and antibiotics currently available against plant pathogens are of limited use due to the emergence of resistant strains. In this study, we examined the effects of diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPIC), an inhibitor of the superoxide producing enzyme NADPH oxidase, against fungal and bacterial plant pathogens. We found that DPIC inhibits fungal spore germination and bacterial cell proliferation. In addition, we demonstrated the potent antibacterial activity of DPIC using rice heads infected with the bacterial pathogen Burkholderia glumae which causes bacterial panicle blight (BPB). We found that treatment with DPIC reduced BPB when applied during the initial flowering stage of the rice heads. These results suggest that DPIC could serve as a new and useful antimicrobial agent in agriculture.
Author Correction: Diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPIC) displays broad-spectrum bactericidal activity
Sci Rep2018 Apr 12;8(1):6126.PMID: 29650986DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22720-z
A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.