Dopamine-d4 (hydrochloride)
(Synonyms: 盐酸多巴胺D4,ASL279-d4) 目录号 : GC49497An internal standard for the quantification of dopamine
Cas No.:203633-19-6
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >99.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Dopamine-d4 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of dopamine by GC- or LC-MS. Dopamine is an endogenous catecholamine neurotransmitter synthesized from the amino acid L-tyrosine that acts as an agonist at dopamine receptors (D1-5).1 Dopamine is mainly synthesized in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, and is a precursor in norepinephrine and epinephrine biosynthesis. Dopamine-containing neurons in the brain are involved in reward-motivated behavior, motor control, and hormone release. Dopamine is also synthesized in the adrenal glands where it exerts peripheral paracrine functions including control of vasodilation, sodium excretion, insulin production, gastrointestinal motility, and the activity of lymphocytes.2,3 Loss or damage of dopaminergic neurons in the substancia nigra is associated with Parkinson’s disease.4
1.Missale, C., Nash, S.R., Robinson, S.W., et al.Dopamine receptors: From structure to functionPhysiol. Rev.78(1)190-225(1998) 2.Hayaishi, O.Molecular genetic studies on sleep-wake regulation, with special emphases on the prostaglandin D2 systemJ. Appl. Physiol.92(2)863-868(2015) 3.Garza, J.H.H., and Carr, D.J.J.Neuroendocrine peptide receptors on cells of the immune systemChem. Immunol.69132-154(1997) 4.Angeles, D.C., Ho, P., Dymock, B.W., et al.Antioxidants inhibit neuronal toxicity in Parkinson’s disease-linked LRRK2Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol.3(4)288-294(2016)
| Cas No. | 203633-19-6 | SDF | Download SDF |
| 别名 | 盐酸多巴胺D4,ASL279-d4 | ||
| Canonical SMILES | NC([2H])([2H])C([2H])([2H])C1=CC(O)=C(C=C1)O.Cl | ||
| 分子式 | C8H7D4NO2 • HCl | 分子量 | 193.7 |
| 溶解度 | DMF: 30 mg/ml,DMSO: 30 mg/ml,Ethanol: 1 mg/ml,PBS (pH 7.2): 5 mg/ml | 储存条件 | -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 5.1626 mL | 25.8131 mL | 51.6262 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.0325 mL | 5.1626 mL | 10.3252 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.5163 mL | 2.5813 mL | 5.1626 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Lack of dopamine D4 receptor affinity contributes to the procognitive effect of lurasidone
Behav Brain Res 2014 Mar 15;261:26-30.PMID:24304719DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.036.
We previously demonstrated among several antipsychotics exhibiting potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that only lurasidone, (1R,2S,3R,4S)-N-[(1R,2R)-2-[4-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)-1-piperazinylmethyl]-1-cyclohexylmethyl]-2,3-bicyclo[2.2.1] heptanedicarboximide hydrochloride, improved performance in the object retrieval detour (ORD) task by marmosets. The mechanisms by which only lurasidone causes enhancements in cognitive function have not yet been established; however, most antipsychotics, except for lurasidone, have been shown to exhibit potent antagonistic activity against the dopamine D4 receptor. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the role of the dopamine D4 receptor on executive function with the selective agonist, Ro10-5824 and antagonist, L-745,870, and elucidate a possible mechanism for the procognitive effect of lurasidone. The effects of these drugs were evaluated in naïve marmosets using the ORD task. Changes in the success rate during the difficult trial in the task were used to assess the cognitive effect of the drugs. Ro10-5824 (0.3-3 mg/kg) increased the success rate in the difficult trial, potentiated the effect of lurasidone, and reversed the cognitive impairment induced by clozapine. Interestingly, the co-administration of L-745,870 with lurasidone decreased the success rate in the difficult trial, whereas the single administration of L-745,870 had no effect. These results suggest that activation of the dopamine D4 receptor may improve executive function, whereas concomitant blockade of dopamine D4 and D2 receptors may have the opposite effect. In addition to the other unique binding profiles of other monoamine receptors, the lack of affinity for the dopamine D4 receptor by lurasidone could also contribute, at least partly, to its cognitive-enhancing effect.
Dopamine D4 receptor-induced postsynaptic inhibition of GABAergic currents in mouse globus pallidus neurons
J Neurosci 2003 Dec 17;23(37):11662-72.PMID:14684868DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-37-11662.2003.
Dopamine D4 receptors (D4R) are localized in the globus pallidus (GP), but their function remains unknown. In contrast, dopamine D2 receptor activation hyperpolarizes medium spiny neurons projecting from the striatum to the GP and inhibits GABA release. However, using slice preparations from D2R-deficient [D2 knock-out (D2KO)] mice, we found that dopamine inhibited GABA(A)-receptor-mediated currents in GP neurons. The paired-pulse ratio was statistically unchanged after dopamine application but was significantly elevated in D2KO wild-type littermates (WT). Furthermore, in D2KO mice, outward currents elicited by iontophoretically applied GABA were suppressed by dopamine. Dopamine (30 microm) decreased the amplitude of miniature IPSCs in both WT and D2KO mice, but the decrease in the frequency was observed only in the former but not significantly in the latter. Dopamine-induced suppression of IPSCs was blocked by selective D4R antagonists (clozapine or 3-[4-(4-iodophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine trihydrochloride), and a D4R-selective agonist N-[[4-(2-cyanophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]methyl]-3-methyl-benzamide reversibly and dose-dependently suppressed IPSCs, whereas agonists [SKF38,393 ((+/-)-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(1H)-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrochloride) or (+)-(4aR,10bR)-3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-propyl-2H,5H-[1]benzopyrano[4,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-9-ol] or antagonists [SCH23,390 (R(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride) or sulpiride] of other receptor subtypes had little effect. In GP neurons from D4R-deficient mice, dopamine-induced inhibition of GABAergic outward currents was undetectable. D4R activation suppressed the activity of protein kinase A in GP neurons, resulting in a decrease in the amplitude of GABAergic IPSCs. These findings showed that postsynaptic activation of D4R on the GP neurons reduces GABAergic currents through the suppression of PKA activity.
[Alterations in the pattern of dopaminergic markers in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder]
Rev Neurol 2006 Feb 13;42 Suppl 2:S19-23.PMID:16555214doi
Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood onset that can include elements of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. It is often treated with stimulant medications such as methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH). The neurobiology of ADHD is not well understood, but there is converging evidence of the involvement of the catecholamine rich frontal-striatal circuitry. A prominent theory of ADHD is that there is a dysregulation of dopamine neurotransmission in this circuitry. Given support to this theory is the observation from human imaging studies that MPH blocks the dopamine transporter (DAT), the main mechanism for removing dopamine from the synapse; thereby increasing extracellular dopamine levels in the striatum. Genetic and molecular studies have also demonstrated an association between dopamine related genes (e.g., DAT, dopamine D4 and D5 receptors) and ADHD. Development: Studies using positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission tomography indicate alterations in dopamine markers in ADHD. The majority of the existing studies have reported increased DAT binding (ranging between 17 and 70%) in the striatum of both children and adults with ADHD, while a new PET study reported lower DAT binding in the midbrain (where the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area are located) of adolescents with ADHD. Studies using [18F]fluorodopa to assess dopamine synthesis and metabolism have demonstrated abnormalities in presynaptic activity in patients with ADHD; however the nature of these changes appears to be age-dependent. Some limited data also indicate potential alterations in dopamine D2 receptor availability in children with ADHD. Conclusions: The results from the human brain imaging studies are still not definitive because of discrepancies in the findings. There is a great need to replicate and expand these findings in treatment-naïve patients with ADHD, taking into consideration potential variables such as drug and smoking history, ethnicity, and presence of comorbidity.
Allelic variation in the D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) gene does not predict response to clozapine
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994 Nov;51(11):912-7.PMID:7944879DOI:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950110072009.
Objective: To test the hypothesis that interindividual differences in response to clozapine therapy might be attributable to the D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) alleles they carry. Different alleles of the D4 dopamine receptor, coded by the DRD4 gene, differ in the affinity with which they bind the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine in vitro. This may have physiologic implications. Clinical response to clozapine therapy varies among patients. The observation that, in vitro, clozapine binds the protein products of different DRD4 alleles with differing affinity characteristics suggested this hypothesis. Method: The region of the DRD4 gene that encodes the putative third cytoplasmic loop of the D4 receptor contains a 48-base pair sequence repeated a variable number of times. With use of polymerase chain reaction amplification, we assessed this variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism in a series of schizophrenic and schizoaffective subjects who had been treated with clozapine, and related genotype with treatment response, to test the hypothesis that DRD4 alleles lead to varying response to clozapine. Results: Allelic variation at the DRD4 locus does not predict clinical response to clozapine relative to either fluphenazine hydrochloride or placebo in subjects with treatment-refractory schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Conclusions: DRD4 alleles do not predict therapeutic response to clozapine in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. There are implications from these data for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the mechanism of clozapine's therapeutic effect are discussed.
The role of dopamine in a model of trigeminovascular nociception
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005 Jul;314(1):162-9.PMID:15778266DOI:10.1124/jpet.105.083139.
Migraine is a common, disabling problem with three phases: premonitory, main headache attack, and postdrome. The headache phase is thought to involve activation of trigeminal neurons, whereas the premonitory and postdrome phases may involve dopaminergic mechanisms. In animal studies, dopamine has been found to cause vasodilation of cranial arteries at very low doses. Using intravital microscopy, we examined the effect of dopamine receptor agonists on dural blood vessel caliber and the effect of dopamine and specific dopamine receptor antagonists on trigeminovascular neurogenic dural vasodilation. Dopamine hydrochloride caused a significant vasoconstriction (P < 0.05) and increase in arterial blood pressure (P < 0.05) that was reversed by a alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine, rather than specific dopamine receptor antagonists. The D1 receptor agonist caused a vasoconstriction (P < 0.05) and a blood pressure increase (P < 0.05), which was reversed by yohimbine and therefore alpha2-adrenoceptor-mediated. None of the specific dopamine receptor antagonists were able to attenuate neurogenic dural vasodilation. Dopamine hydrochloride infusion (P < 0.05) and a D1 receptor agonist were able to attenuate the vasodilation (P < 0.05), with maximal dilation returning after cessation of the dopamine agonist infusion. This response may be due to the vasoconstrictor effects of the alpha2-adrenoceptor and an action at the D1 receptor. In the intravital model of trigeminal activation, it seems that dopamine receptors do not play a major role and may not present an acute treatment option. Our data do not exclude a role for dopamine receptor modulators in short- or long-term prevention.