Ethidium bromide
(Synonyms: 溴化乙啶,EtBr; Homidium bromide) 目录号 : GC60817
Ethidium Bromide (Homidium bromide, EtBr, EB) is an intercalating agent which resembles a DNA base pair and commonly used as a fluorescent tag (nucleic acid stain) in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis.
Cas No.:1239-45-8
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >95.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Ethidium Bromide (Homidium bromide, EtBr, EB) is an intercalating agent which resembles a DNA base pair and commonly used as a fluorescent tag (nucleic acid stain) in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis.
Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) is sometimes added to running buffer during the separation of DNA fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis. It is used because upon binding of the molecule to the DNA and illumination with a UV light source, the DNA banding pattern can be visualized. The mode of binding of EtBr is intercalation between the base pairs. This binding changes the charge, weight, conformation, and flexibility of the DNA molecule. The mobility of DNA was always less in the gels with EtBr[1].
[1] Sigmon J, et al. Electrophoresis. 1996, 17(10):1524-7.
| Cas No. | 1239-45-8 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 溴化乙啶,EtBr; Homidium bromide | ||
| Canonical SMILES | CC[N+]1=C(C2=CC=CC=C2)C3=CC(N)=CC=C3C4=C1C=C(N)C=C4.[Br-] | ||
| 分子式 | C21H20BrN3 | 分子量 | 394.31 |
| 溶解度 | Water: ≥ 100 mg/mL (253.61 mM); DMSO: 83.33 mg/mL (211.33 mM) | 储存条件 | Store at RT,protect from light |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 2.5361 mL | 12.6804 mL | 25.3608 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.5072 mL | 2.5361 mL | 5.0722 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.2536 mL | 1.268 mL | 2.5361 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Ethidium bromide interactions with DNA: an exploration of a classic DNA-ligand complex with unbiased molecular dynamics simulations
Nucleic Acids Res 2021 Apr 19;49(7):3735-3747.PMID:33764383DOI:10.1093/nar/gkab143.
Visualization of double stranded DNA in gels with the binding of the fluorescent dye Ethidium bromide has been a basic experimental technique in any molecular biology laboratory for >40 years. The interaction between ethidium and double stranded DNA has been observed to be an intercalation between base pairs with strong experimental evidence. This presents a unique opportunity for computational chemistry and biomolecular simulation techniques to benchmark and assess their models in order to see if the theory can reproduce experiments and ultimately provide new insights. We present molecular dynamics simulations of the interaction of ethidium with two different double stranded DNA models. The first model system is the classic sequence d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 also known as the Drew-Dickerson dodecamer. We found that the ethidium ligand binds mainly stacked on, or intercalated between, the terminal base pairs of the DNA with little to no interaction with the inner base pairs. As the intercalation at the terminal CpG steps is relatively rapid, the resultant DNA unwinding, rigidification, and increased stability of the internal base pair steps inhibits further intercalation. In order to reduce these interactions and to provide a larger groove space, a second 18-mer DNA duplex system with the sequence d(GCATGAACGAACGAACGC) was tested. We computed molecular dynamics simulations for 20 independent replicas with this sequence, each with ∼27 μs of sampling time. Results show several spontaneous intercalation and base-pair eversion events that are consistent with experimental observations. The present work suggests that extended MD simulations with modern DNA force fields and optimized simulation codes are allowing the ability to reproduce unbiased intercalation events that we were not able to previously reach due to limits in computing power and the lack of extensively tested force fields and analysis tools.
RNA purification by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Methods Enzymol 2013;530:315-30.PMID:24034329DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-420037-1.00017-8.
Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is a powerful tool for purifying RNA samples. Denaturing PAGE allows separation of nucleic acids that differ by a single nucleotide in length. It is commonly used to separate and purify RNA species after in vitro transcription, to purify naturally occurring RNA variants such as tRNAs, to remove degradation products, and to purify labeled RNA species. To preserve RNA integrity following purification, RNA is usually visualized by UV shadowing or stained with Ethidium bromide or SYBR green dyes.
Mechanisms and pathways of Ethidium bromide Fenton-like degradation by reusable magnetic nanocatalysts
Chemosphere 2021 Jan;262:127852.PMID:32768757DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127852.
Ethidium bromide (3,8-diamino-6-phenyl-5-ethylphenanthridinium bromide, EtBr) is a carcinogenic compound widely used for staining nucleic acids that is difficult to treat. In this study, magnetic nanocatalysts (MNCs) were synthesized for the heterogeneous Fenton-like degradation of EtBr. The initial pH, MNC content, and H2O2 concentration were the key factors affecting the EtBr degradation performance and dynamics. An EtBr removal efficiency of 98.97% was achieved within 4 h under optimal conditions (initial pH, 3.0; MNC content, 1 g/L; H2O2 concentration, 50 mM), and the degradation followed the ring-open pathway with (2E,4Z,8E)-3-amino-N-ethyl-7,9-dihydroxynona-2,4,8-trienamide as an intermediate, as determined by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Unexpected and satisfactory Fenton-like oxidation of EtBr occurred under basic conditions, which was explained by a novel denitration pathway with 2-[nitro(phenyl)methyl]-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine as an intermediate. The MNCs retained 62.17% of their degradation efficiency after five consecutive reaction and harvest cycles. Our work elucidated the mechanisms and pathways of EtBr removal in a Fenton-like reaction using MNCs, and comprehensively discussed the optimal reaction conditions and its potential for re-use.
Ethidium bromide resistance in a rat liver epithelial cell line: association with enhanced drug efflux
Cell Biol Toxicol 1988 Sep;4(3):325-32.PMID:3224307DOI:10.1007/BF00058740.
Ethidium bromide-resistant cell strains were obtained by continuous selection of an adult rat liver-derived cell line (ARL6T) grown in the continuous presence of 200 ng/ml Ethidium bromide. Comparison of resistant strains and parental (sensitive) cells was made for uptake and binding of Ethidium bromide, visualized as fluorescent ethidium bromide-nucleic acid complexes. Although uptake of Ethidium bromide was similar in parental and resistant cells, efflux kinetics were markedly different. Over a three-hour period, parental (sensitive) cells maintained fluorescence following a short Ethidium bromide pulse (100 micrograms/ml Ethidium bromide). In contrast, ethidium bromide-resistant cell lines eliminated photographically detectable fluorescent complexes within three hours following pulse exposure to Ethidium bromide. The rapid elimination of ethidium bromide-fluorescent complexes in all (5) resistant cell strains examined supports an efflux mechanism as contributing to the resistance of Ethidium bromide cytotoxicity in these cells.
Ethidium bromide enhancement of frameshift mutagenesis caused by photoactivatable ethidium analogs
Mutat Res 1979 Dec;63(2):225-32.PMID:392307DOI:10.1016/0027-5107(79)90055-1.
Ethidium azide analogs (3-amino-8-azido-ethidium monoazide and ethidium diazide) have been developed as photosensitive probes in order to analyze directly the reversible in vivo interactions of Ethidium bromide. Our preliminary observations [11], relating the mutagenic potential of the monoazide analog of ethidium, have been extended and refined, using the highly purified ethidium azide analogs [5]. A number of physical-chemical studies indicate that the monoazide analog interaction with nucleic acids, prior to photolysis, resembles remarkably the interaction of the parent ethidium (unpublished). It was anticipated, therefore, that competition by ethidium for the ethidium monoazide mutagenic sites in Salmonella TA1538 would be observed when these drugs were used in combination. Previous results in fact showed a decreased production of frameshift mutants when Ethidium bromide was added to the ethidium monoazide in the Ames assay [1]. However, more extensive investigations, reported here, have shown that this apparent competition was the result of neglecting the toxic effects of ethidium monoazide and its enhanced toxocity in the presence of Ethidium bromide. Conversely, an enhancement of the azide mutagenesis and toxicity for both the mono- and diazide analogs was seen when Ethidium bromide was used in combination with these analogs.