Ethoxyquin
(Synonyms: 乙氧基喹啉) 目录号 : GC32965
An antioxidant used in animal feed
Cas No.:91-53-2
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >98.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Kinase experiment: | To evaluate the impact of Ethoxyquin (EQ) on Paclitaxel’s (PTX’s) ability to kill breast cancer cells, conditions for culturing 4 cancer cell lines and measuring the ATP levels are optimized for the 96-well plate format. Briefly, 1,500 cells/well in media are plated in 96-well plates for 24 hours. Constant concentrations of PTX with or without Ethoxyquin are added to the wells for another 24 hours. Cellular ATP levels are measured using kit according tomanufacturer ’s protocol[2]. |
Cell experiment: | Briefly, DRGs are harvested from embryonic day 14.5 rats according to standard protocols, then cells are plated onto collagen-coated glass coverslips and allowed to extend neurites for 24 hours in media (Neurobasal medium, 50 mM pencillin-streptomycin (PS), 0.2% FBS, 0.5 mM glutamine, 1×B-27 supplement, 0.2% glucose,10 ng/mL glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor). Ethoxyquin (EQ) or vehicle control is added to the wells for another 24-hour incubation. DRG cells are fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with anti-βIII-tubulin antibody to delineate the axons. Axon lengths are measured in multiple fields using a random sampling method[2]. |
Animal experiment: | To examine the effect of Ethoxyquin (EQ) on Paclitaxel’s (PTX’s) ability to reduce tumor burden in vivo, a mouse model in which breast cancer cell line SUM-159 (3×106 tumor cells suspended in phosphate-buffered saline in a final volume of 0.15 mL) is injected subcutaneously into adult male nude mice. When the tumor size reaches 5 mm in diameter, the animals are randomly assigned to PTX or PTX with Ethoxyquin groups. Ethoxyquin is given by intraperitoneal administration on a daily basis for 3 weeks. At the end of 3 weeks, animals are euthanized and tumor size and weight are measured (n=5 per group)[2]. |
References: [1]. Sadikot T, et al. Development of a high-throughput screening cancer cell-based luciferase refolding assay for identifying Hsp90 inhibitors. Assay Drug Dev Technol. 2013 Oct;11(8):478-88. | |
Ethoxyquin is an antioxidant that is widely used in animal feed to protect against lipid peroxidation and fat rancidity in chicken, salmon, and beef.1 In vitro, ethoxyquin protects human lymphocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and reduces micronuclei formation.2 In vivo, it reduces the number of chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, and dominant lethal mutations induced by cyclophosphamide in mice, rats, and Chinese hamsters.3,4 Ethoxyquin also induces chromosome aberrations such as atypical translocations, breaks, and dicentrics in human lymphocytes and CHO cells as well as in vivo kidney and bladder damage in rats.1
1.Blaszczyk, A., Augustyniak, A., and Skolimowski, J.Ethoxyquin: An antioxidant used in animal feedInt. J. Food Sci.2013585931(2013) 2.Blaszczyk, A., and Skolimowski, J.Comparative analysis of cytotoxic, genotoxic and antioxidant effects of 2,2,4,7-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline and ethoxyquin on human lymphocytesChem. Biol. Interact.162(1)70-80(2006) 3.Renner, H.W.Antimutagenic effect of an antioxidant in mammalsMutat. Res.135(2)125-129(1984) 4.Renner, H.W., and Knoll, M.Antimutagenic effects on male germ cells of miceMutat. Res.140(2-3)127-129(1984)
| Cas No. | 91-53-2 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 乙氧基喹啉 | ||
| Canonical SMILES | CC1=CC(C)(C)NC2=C1C=C(OCC)C=C2 | ||
| 分子式 | C14H19NO | 分子量 | 217.31 |
| 溶解度 | DMSO : ≥ 50 mg/mL (230.09 mM);Water : < 0.1 mg/mL (insoluble) | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 4.6017 mL | 23.0086 mL | 46.0172 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.9203 mL | 4.6017 mL | 9.2034 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.4602 mL | 2.3009 mL | 4.6017 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Ethoxyquin: An Antioxidant Used in Animal Feed
Int J Food Sci 2013;2013:585931.PMID:26904606DOI:10.1155/2013/585931.
Ethoxyquin (EQ, 6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline) is widely used in animal feed in order to protect it against lipid peroxidation. EQ cannot be used in any food for human consumption (except spices, e.g., chili), but it can pass from feed to farmed fish, poultry, and eggs, so human beings can be exposed to this antioxidant. The manufacturer Monsanto Company (USA) performed a series of tests on Ethoxyquin which showed its safety. Nevertheless, some harmful effects in animals and people occupationally exposed to it were observed in 1980's which resulted in the new studies undertaken to reevaluate its toxicity. Here, we present the characteristics of the compound and results of the research, concerning, for example, products of its metabolism and oxidation or searching for new antioxidants on the EQ backbone.
Ethoxyquin is a Competent Radical-Trapping Antioxidant for Preventing Ferroptosis in Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022 Nov 1;80(5):690-699.PMID:35881422DOI:10.1097/FJC.0000000000001328.
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective anti-cancer agent for various malignancies. Nevertheless, it has a side effect of cardiotoxicity, referred to as doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC), that is associated with a poorer prognosis. This cardiotoxicity limits the clinical use of DOX as a therapeutic agent for malignancies. Recently, ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death induced by the accumulation of lipid peroxides, has been recognized as a major pathophysiology of DIC. Ethoxyquin is a lipophilic antioxidant widely used for food preservation and thus may be a potential therapeutic drug for preventing DIC. However, the efficacy of Ethoxyquin against ferroptosis and DIC remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the inhibitory action of Ethoxyquin against GPx4-deficient ferroptosis and its therapeutic efficacy against DOX-induced cell death in cultured cardiomyocytes and cardiotoxicity in a murine model of DIC. In cultured cardiomyocytes, Ethoxyquin treatment effectively prevented GPx4-deficient ferroptosis. Ethoxyquin also prevented DOX-induced cell death, accompanied by the suppression of malondialdehyde (MDA) and mitochondrial lipid peroxides, which were induced by DOX. Furthermore, Ethoxyquin significantly prevented DOX-induced cell death without any suppression of caspase cleavages representing apoptosis. In DIC mice, Ethoxyquin treatment ameliorated cardiac impairments, such as contractile dysfunction and myocardial atrophy, and lung congestion. Ethoxyquin also suppressed serum lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase activities, decreased the levels of lipid peroxides such as MDA and acrolein, inhibited cardiac fibrosis, and reduced TUNEL-positive cells in the hearts of DIC mice. Collectively, Ethoxyquin is a competent antioxidant for preventing ferroptosis in DIC and can be its prospective therapeutic drug.
Ethoxyquin provides neuroprotection against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity
Sci Rep 2016 Jun 28;6:28861.PMID:27350330DOI:10.1038/srep28861.
Ethoxyquin was recently identified as a neuroprotective compound against toxic neuropathies and efficacy was demonstrated against paclitaxel-induced neurotoxicity in vivo. In this study we examined the efficacy of Ethoxyquin in preventing neurotoxicity of cisplatin in rodent models of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and explored its mechanism of action. Ethoxyquin prevented neurotoxicity of cisplatin in vitro in a sensory neuronal cell line and primary rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. In vivo, chronic co-administration of Ethoxyquin partially abrogated cisplatin-induced behavioral, electrophysiological and morphological abnormalities. Furthermore, Ethoxyquin did not interfere with cisplatin's ability to induce tumor cell death in ovarian cancer cell line in vitro and in vivo. Finally, Ethoxyquin reduced the levels of two client proteins (SF3B2 and ataxin-2) of a chaperone protein, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) when co-administered with cisplatin in vitro. These results implied that the neuroprotective effect of Ethoxyquin is mediated through these two client proteins of Hsp90. In fact, reducing levels of SF3B2 in tissue-cultured neurons was effective against neurotoxicity of cisplatin. These findings suggest that Ethoxyquin or other compounds that inhibit chaperone activity of Hsp90 and reduce levels of its client protein, SF3B2 may be developed as an adjuvant therapy to prevent neurotoxicity in cisplatin-based chemotherapy protocols.
Ethoxyquin Inhibits the Progression of Murine Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma through the Inhibition of Autophagy and LDH
Biomedicines 2021 Oct 23;9(11):1526.PMID:34829755DOI:10.3390/biomedicines9111526.
Cancer cells exhibit an increased glycolysis rate for ATP generation (the Warburg effect) to sustain an increased proliferation rate. In tumor cells, the oxidation of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle is substituted by lactate production, catalyzed by LDH. In this study, we use Ethoxyquin (EQ) as a novel inhibitor to target LDH in murine Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and as a combination therapy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of the conventional chemotherapy drug, cisplatin (CIS). We investigated the anti-tumor effect of EQ on EAC-bearing mice and checked whether EQ can sustain the anti-tumor potential of CIS and whether it influences LDH activity. Treatment with EQ had evident anti-tumor effects on EAC as revealed by the remarkable decrease in the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and by a significant increase in the expression of apoptotic genes (BAX and caspase-3). EQ also caused a significant decrease in the autophagic activity of EAC cells, as shown by a reduction in the fluorescence intensity of the autophagosome marker. Additionally, EQ restored the altered hematological and biochemical parameters and improved the disrupted hepatic tissues of EAC-bearing mice. Co-administration of EQ and CIS showed the highest anti-tumor effect against EAC. Collectively, our findings propose EQ as a novel inhibitor of LDH in cancer cells and as a combinatory drug to increase the efficacy of cisplatin. Further studies are required to validate this therapeutic strategy in different cancer models and preclinical trials.
Ethoxyquin: a feed additive that poses a risk for aquatic life
Dis Aquat Organ 2018 Oct 16;131(1):39-48.PMID:30324913DOI:10.3354/dao03279.
Ethoxyquin (EQ) is an antioxidant that has, to date, been commonly used in feed production. Reports on the detrimental effects of this substance on vertebrates are growing, but effects in aquatic systems have rarely been described. Therefore, the present study was conducted using serial concentrations of EQ ranging from 0.03 to 16.5 mg l-1 to determine effects on 3 types of aquatic organisms. In zebrafish, 5 mg l-1 EQ caused mortality (25%) and a further 62.5% of the embryos showed yolk sac edema as well as deformed bodies or missing eyes. Furthermore, all the investigated EQ concentrations decreased the heart rate of the embryos. The lowest observed effect level was 0.31 mg l-1. In addition to zebrafish, the study also used water fleas Daphnia magna and green algae (Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris). These treatments revealed that daphnids are also sensitive to EQ, exhibiting detrimental effects with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 2.65 mg l-1 after 48 h of exposure. The algae appeared to be at least 2 times less sensitive to EQ than fish embryos or daphnids. The results were used to calculate the risk for aquatic life resulting in a maximum tolerable level of 1 µg l-1 for fish embryos and daphnids, with a safety factor of 300. According to current knowledge, this does not exceed environmental concentrations of this substance. However, this study raises further concern about the (until recently) legal maximum tolerable EQ levels in fish feeding and the rather slow pace at which authorization to use EQ as a feed additive for diverse animals in Europe is being suspended.