Ganglioside GM1 Mixture (porcine brain) (sodium salt)

Ganglioside G_M1 is a monosialylated ganglioside and the prototypic ganglioside for those containing one sialic acid residue.^1,2 It is found in a large variety of cells, including immune cells and neurons, and is enriched in lipid rafts in the cell membrane.³ It associates with growth factor receptors, including TrkA, TrkB, and the GDNF receptor complex containing Ret and GFRα, and is required for TrkA expression on the cell surface. Ganglioside G_M1 interacts with other proteins to increase calcium influx, affecting various calcium-dependent processes, including inducing neuronal outgrowth during differentiation. Ganglioside G_M1 acts as a receptor for cholera toxin, which binds to its oligosaccharide group, facilitating toxin cell entry into epithelial cells of the jejunum.^4,5 Similarly, it is bound by the heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli in the pathogenesis of traveler's diarrhea.⁶ Ganglioside G_M1 sensitizes inactivated T cells to TNF-α-induced apoptosis and induces apoptosis of activated T cells even in the absence of TNF-α.⁷ Ganglioside G_M1 is found at higher levels on T cells isolated from patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) compared with T cells from patients without cancer. Levels of ganglioside G_M1 are decreased in the substantia nigra pars compacta in postmortem brain from patients with Parkinson's disease.³ Ganglioside G_M1 gangliosidosis, characterized by a deficiency in G_M1-β-galactosidase, the enzyme that degrades ganglioside G_M1, leads to accumulation of the gangliosides G_M1 and G_A1 in neurons and can be fatal in infants.¹ Ganglioside G_M1 mixture contains ganglioside G_M1 molecular species isolated from porcine brain.

1.Kolter, T.Ganglioside biochemistryISRN Biochem.506160(2012) 2.Mocchetti, I.Exogenous gangliosides, neuronal plasticity and repair, and the neurotrophinsCell Mol. Life Sci.62(19-20)2283-2294(2005) 3.Ledeen, R.W., and Wu, G.The multi-tasked life of GM1 ganglioside, a true factotum of natureTrends Biochem. Sci.40(7)407-418(2015) 4.Turnbull, W.B., Precious, B.L., and Homans, S.W.Dissecting the cholera toxin-ganglioside GM1 interaction by isothermal titration calorimetryJ. Am. Chem. Soc.126(4)1047-1054(2004) 5.Blank, N., Schiller, M., Krienke, S., et al.Cholera toxin binds to lipid rafts but has a limited specificity for ganglioside GM1Immunol. Cell Biol.85(5)378-382(2007) 6.Minke, W.E., Roach, C., Hol, W.G., et al.Structure-based exploration of the ganglioside GM1 binding sites of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera toxin for the discovery of receptor antagonistsBiochemistry38(18)5684-5692(1999) 7.Das, T., Sa, G., Hilston, C., et al.GM1 and tumor necrosis factor-ɑ, overexpressed in renal cell carcinoma, synergize to induce T-cell apoptosisCancer Res.68(6)2014-2023(2008)