(20S)-Protopanaxatriol

20(S)-Protopanaxatriol is an active aglycone metabolite of various panaxatriol ginsenosides, including ginsenoside Re , ginsenoside Rf , ginsenoside Rg₁ , ginsenoside Rg₂ , and ginsenoside Rh₁ .¹ It is cytotoxic to HL-60 cancer cells (IC₅₀ = 16 ?M).² 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol inhibits the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs; EC₅₀ = 6.64 ?g/ml).³ It inhibits LPS-induced increases in the protein levels of COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and decreases LPS-induced NF-κB activity in RAW 264.7 cells when used at concentrations ranging from 1 to 20 ?M.⁴

1.Helms, S.Cancer prevention and therapeutics: Panax ginsengAltern. Med. Rev.9(3)259-274(2004) 2.Tian, Y., Guo, H., Han, J., et al.Microbial transformation of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol by Mucor spinosusJ. Nat. Prod.68(5)678-680(2005) 3.Usami, Y., Liu, Y.-N., Lin, A.-S., et al.Antitumor agents. 261. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol and 20(s)-protopanaxatriol as antiangiogenic agents and total assignment of 1H NMR spectraJ. Nat. Prod.71(3)478-481(2008) 4.Oh, G.S., Pae, H.O., Choi, B.M., et al.20(S)-Protopanaxatriol, one of ginsenoside metabolites, inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expressions through inactivation of nuclear factor-κB in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharideCancer Lett.205(1)23-29(2004)