Adenosine deaminase

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a key enzyme involved in the purine metabolic pathway. It has an irreversible deamination effect on adenosine and deoxyadenosine, converting them into inosine and deoxyinosine, respectively ^[1]. Adenosine deaminase has been found in bacteria, plants, invertebrates, vertebrates and mammals, and its amino acid sequence is highly conserved ^[2]. Adenosine deaminase is a signaling molecule associated with T lymphocyte activation, making it a useful marker of inflammation, especially meningitis and pleurisy ^[3]. The main function of adenosine deaminase in the human body is the development and maintenance of the immune system. Hereditary adenosine deaminase deficiency reduces the differentiation and maturation of lymphoid cells, leading to lymphocytopenia and severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) ^[4]. This product is provided in powder form and is reconstituted with 20% glycerol in water. It has an activity of 150 units/mg, is stable at pH 7.0-9.0, and has a molecular weight of 33kDa (SDS-PAGE).

In vitro, adenosine deaminase (3 units/ml) can be added to cell culture media to remove exogenous adenosine for cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) measurement ^[5]. In vivo, pegylated adenosine deaminase (5 U/kg) treatment of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats for 4 weeks significantly reduced the amounts of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18, alleviated proteinuria, and reduced the levels of the profibrotic marker α-SMA in renal tissue ^[6].

References:
[1] Sauer A V, Brigida I, Carriglio N, et al. Autoimmune dysregulation and purine metabolism in adenosine deaminase deficiency[J]. Frontiers in immunology, 2012, 3: 265.
[2] Cristalli G, Costanzi S, Lambertucci C, et al. Adenosine deaminase: functional implications and different classes of inhibitors[J]. Medicinal research reviews, 2001, 21(2): 105-128.
[3] Silva Dalsasso Joaquim L, Granzotto N, Dos Santos L F, et al. Analytical validation of an in‐house method for adenosine deaminase determination[J]. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 2019, 33(3): e22823.
[4] Bradford K L, Moretti F A, Carbonaro-Sarracino D A, et al. Adenosine deaminase (ADA)-deficient severe combined immune deficiency (SCID): molecular pathogenesis and clinical manifestations[J]. Journal of clinical immunology, 2017, 37: 626-637.
[5] Iyer S V, Ranjan A, Elias H K, et al. Genome-wide RNAi screening identifies TMIGD3 isoform1 as a suppressor of NF-κB and osteosarcoma progression[J]. Nature Communications, 2016, 7(1): 13561.
[6] Garrido W, Jara C, Torres A, et al. Blockade of the adenosine A3 receptor attenuates caspase 1 activation in renal tubule epithelial cells and decreases interleukins IL-1β and IL-18 in diabetic rats[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2019, 20(18): 4531.

腺苷脱氨酶（Adenosine deaminase，ADA）是参与嘌呤代谢途径的关键酶，对腺苷和脱氧腺苷具有不可逆脱氨作用，分别转化为肌苷和脱氧肌苷^[1]。腺苷脱氨酶已在细菌、植物、无脊椎动物、脊椎动物和哺乳动物中发现，氨基酸序列高度保守^[2]。腺苷脱氨酶是一种与T淋巴细胞活化相关的信号分子，使其成为一种有用的炎症标志物，尤其是脑膜炎和胸膜炎^[3]。腺苷脱氨酶在人体中的主要功能是免疫系统的发育和维持，遗传性腺苷脱氨酶缺乏症会降低淋巴样细胞的分化和成熟，从而导致淋巴细胞减少和严重的联合免疫缺陷病（SCID）^[4]。本产品以粉末形式提供，用20%甘油的水溶液复溶，活性为150 units/mg，pH7.0-9.0时稳定，分子量为33kDa（SDS-PAGE）。

在体外，腺苷脱氨酶（3 units/ml）可添加到细胞培养基中除去外源性腺苷，用于环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）测定^[5]。在体内，聚乙二醇化的腺苷脱氨酶（5 U/kg）治疗链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的糖尿病大鼠，施用4周，显著减少了炎症细胞因子IL-1β，IL-6和IL-18的量，减轻蛋白尿并降低肾组织中促纤维化标志物α-SMA的水平^[6]。