Microcystin-LR
(Synonyms: 微囊藻毒素(LR亚型),Cyanoginosin-LR; MC-LR; Toxin T 17 (Microcystis aeruginosa)) 目录号 : GC36607A potent protein phosphatase inhibitor
Cas No.:101043-37-2
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
Quality Control & SDS
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- Purity: >95.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Microcystins are hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by cyanobacteria.1 They are responsible for periodic poisonings of humans and livestock drinking fresh water where the blue-
1.Rinehart, K.L., Harada, K.-i., Namikoshi, M., et al.Nodularin, microcystin, and the configuration of AddaJ. Am. Chem. Soc.110(25)8557-8558(1988) 2.Honkanen, R.E., Zwiller, J., Moore, R.E., et al.Characterization of microcystin-LR, a potent inhibitor of Type 1 and Type 2A protein phosphatasesJ. Biol. Chem.265(32)19401-19404(1990)
| Cas No. | 101043-37-2 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 微囊藻毒素(LR亚型),Cyanoginosin-LR; MC-LR; Toxin T 17 (Microcystis aeruginosa) | ||
| 化学名 | cyclo[2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl-D-alanyl-L-leucyl-(3S)-3-methyl-D-β-aspartyl-L-arginyl-(2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyl-4,6-decadienoyl-D-γ-glutamyl] | ||
| Canonical SMILES | CC(/C=C/[C@@H]([C@@H](C(N[C@H](CCC(N(C(C(N[C@@H]1C)=O)=C)C)=O)C(O)=O)=O)C)NC([C@@H](NC([C@H]([C@@H](NC([C@](NC1=O)([H])CC(C)C)=O)C(O)=O)C)=O)CCCNC(N)=N)=O)=C\[C@H](C)[C@@H](OC)CC2=CC=CC=C2 | ||
| 分子式 | C49H74N10O12 | 分子量 | 995.2 |
| 溶解度 | DMSO: 10 mg/ml,Ethanol: 10 mg/ml,Methanol: 10 mg/ml | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C, protect from light |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 1.0048 mL | 5.0241 mL | 10.0482 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.201 mL | 1.0048 mL | 2.0096 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.1005 mL | 0.5024 mL | 1.0048 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Microcystin-LR ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis via modulating CD206+ M2-like macrophage polarization
Cell Death Dis 2020 Feb 19;11(2):136.PMID:32075954DOI:10.1038/s41419-020-2329-z.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a group of chronic interstitial pulmonary diseases characterized by myofibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition with limited treatment options. Based on our previous observation, we hypothesized microcystin-leucine arginine (LR), an environmental cyanobacterial toxin, could potentially suppress pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we first demonstrated that chronic exposure of Microcystin-LR by oral for weeks indeed attenuated the pulmonary fibrosis both on bleomycin-induced rat and fluorescein isothiocyanate-induced mouse models. Our data further indicated that treatment with Microcystin-LR substantially reduced TGF-β1/Smad signaling in rat pulmonary tissues. The experiments in vitro found that Microcystin-LR was capable of blocking epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibroblast-myofibroblast transition (FMT) through suppressing the differentiation of CD206+ macrophages. Mechanically, Microcystin-LR was found to bind to glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78) and suppress endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPRER) signaling pathways. These events led to the modulation of M2 polarization of macrophages, which eventually contributed to the alleviation of pulmonary fibrosis. Our results revealed a novel mechanism that may account for therapeutic effect of Microcystin-LR on IPF.
The latest advances in the reproductive toxicity of Microcystin-LR
Environ Res 2021 Jan;192:110254.PMID:32991922DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110254.
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is an emerging environmental pollutant produced by cyanobacteria that poses a threat to wild life and human health. In recent years, the reproductive toxicity of MC-LR has gained widespread attention, a large number of toxicological studies have filled the gaps in past research and more molecular mechanisms have been elucidated. Hence, this paper reviews the latest research advances on MC-LR-induced reproductive toxicity. MC-LR can damage the structure and function of the testis, ovary, prostate, placenta and other organs of animals and then reduce their fertility. Meanwhile, MC-LR can also be transmitted through the placenta to the offspring causing trans-generational and developmental toxicity including death, malformation, growth retardation, and organ dysfunction in embryos and juveniles. The mechanisms of MC-LR-induced reproductive toxicity mainly include the inhibition of protein phosphatase 1/2 A (PP1/2 A) activity and the induction of oxidative stress. On the one hand, MC-LR triggers the hyperphosphorylation of certain proteins by inhibiting intracellular PP1/2 A activity, thereby activating multiple signaling pathways that cause inflammation and blood-testis barrier destruction, etc. On the other hand, MC-LR-induced oxidative stress can result in cell programmed death via the mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum pathways. It is worth noting that epigenetic modifications are also involved in reproductive cell apoptosis, which may be an important direction for future research. Furthermore, this paper proposes for the first time that MC-LR can produce estrogenic effects in animals as an environmental estrogen. New findings and suggestions in this review could be areas of interest for future research.
Photocatalytic degradation of Microcystin-LR by modified TiO2 photocatalysis: A review
Sci Total Environ 2020 Nov 15;743:140694.PMID:32673915DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140694.
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), the most toxic and commonly encountered cyanotoxin, is produced by harmful cyanobacterial blooms and potentially threatens human and ecosystems health. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis is attracting growing attention and has been considered as an efficient, environmentally friendly and promising solution to eliminate MC-LR in the aquatic ecosystems. Over recent decades, scientific efforts have been directed towards the understanding of fundamentals, modification strategies, and application potentials of TiO2 photocatalysis in degrading MC-LR. In this article, recent reports have been reviewed and progress has been summarized in the development of heterogeneous TiO2-based photocatalysts for MC-LR photodegradation under visible, UV, or solar light. The proposed photocatalytic principles of TiO2 and destruction of MC-LR have been thoroughly discussed. Specifically, some main modification methods for improving the drawbacks and performance of TiO2 nanoparticle were highlighted, including element doping, semiconductor coupling, immobilization, floatability amelioration and magnetic separation. Moreover, the performance evaluation metrics quantum yield (QY) and figure of merit (FOM) were used to compare different photocatalysts in MC-LR degradation. The best performance was seen in N-TiO2 with QY and FOM values of 2.20E-07 molecules/photon and 1.00E-11 mol·L/(g·J·h). N-TiO2 or N-TiO2-based materials may be excellent options for photocatalyst design in terms of MC-LR degradation. Finally, a summary of the remaining challenges and perspectives on new tendencies in this exciting frontier and still an emerging area of research were addressed accordingly. Overall, the present review will offer a deep insight for understanding the photodegradation of MC-LR with modified TiO2 to further inspire researchers that work in associated fields.
Immunoassay technology: Research progress in Microcystin-LR detection in water samples
J Hazard Mater 2022 Feb 15;424(Pt B):127406.PMID:34689091DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127406.
Increasing global warming and eutrophication have led to frequent outbreaks of cyanobacteria blooms in freshwater. Cyanobacteria blooms cause the death of aquatic and terrestrial organisms and have attracted considerable attention since the 19th century. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is one of the most typical cyanobacterial toxins. Therefore, the fast, sensitive, and accurate determination of MC-LR plays an important role in the health of humans and animals. Immunoassay refers to a method that uses the principle of immunology to determine the content of the tested substance in a sample using the tested substance as an antigen or antibody. In analytical applications, the immunoassay technology could use the specific recognition of antibodies for MC-LR detection. In this review, we firstly highlight the immunoassay detection of MC-LR over the past two decades, including classical enzyme-link immunosorbent assay (ELISA), modern immunoassay with optical signal, and modern immunoassay with electrical signal. Among these detection methods, the water environment was used as the main detection system. The advantages and disadvantages of the different detection methods were compared and analyzed, and the principles and applications of immunoassays in water samples were elaborated. Furthermore, the current challenges and developmental trends in immunoassay were systematically introduced to enhance MC-LR detection performance, and some critical points were given to deal with current challenges. This review provides novel insight into MC-LR detection based on immunoassay method.
Determination of Microcystin-LR, employing aptasensors
Biosens Bioelectron 2018 Nov 15;119:110-118.PMID:30121422DOI:10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.003.
Cyanobacteria produce toxins such as Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), which are associated with potential hepatotoxicity in humans. The detection of cyanobacteria and their toxins in drinking water and sea food is therefore crucial. To date, methods such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA), and Raman spectroscopy have been employed to monitor MC-LR levels. Although these techniques are precise and sensitive, they require expensive instrumentation, well-trained personnel and involve time-consuming processes meaning that their application is generally limited to well-resourced, centralised laboratory facilities. Among the emerging MC-LR detection methods, aptasensors have received great attention because of their remarkable sensitivity, selectivity, and simplicity. Aptamers, also known as "chemical" or "artificial antibodies", serve as the recognition moieties in aptasensors. This review explores the current state-of-the-art of MC-LR aptasensor platforms, evaluating the advantages and, limitations of typical transduction technologies to identify the most efficient detection system for the potentially harmful cyanobacteria associated toxin.