Nemorubicin
(Synonyms: 奈莫柔比星,Methoxymorpholinyl doxorubicin; FCE 23762; PNU 152243) 目录号 : GC36715
emorubicin 是一种阿霉素衍生物，具有抗肿瘤活性。
Cas No.:108852-90-0
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
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- Purity: >98.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Cell experiment: | 9L and CHO cells are plated in triplicate wells of a 96-well plate at 3000 cells per well 24 hr prior to drug treatment. Cells are treated with various concentrations of Nemorubicin or IFA for 4d. Cells are then stained with crystal violet (A595) and relative cell survival is calculated. IC50 values are determined from a semi-logarithmic graph of the data points using Prism 4[4]. |
Animal experiment: | 9L and 9L/3A4 cells are grown as solid tumors in male ICR/Fox Chase SCID mice. Cells cultured in DMEM medium to 75% confluence are trypsinized and washed in PBS and then adjusted to 2 × 107 cells/mL of FBS-free DMEM. Four-week-old SCID mice (18-20 g) are implanted with either 9L or 9L/3A4 tumor cells by injection of 4 × 106 cells/0.2 mL of cell suspension, s.c. on each hind flank. Tumor sizes (length and width) are measured twice a week using Vernier calipers beginning 7d after tumor implantation. When the average tumor size reach 300 to 400 mm3, Nemorubicin dissolved in PBS is administered by tail vein injection (i.v.) or by direct intratumoral (i.t.) injection (three injections spaced 7 d apart, each at 60 µg Nemorubicin per kg body weight). Intratumoral injections are performed using a syringe pump set a 1 µL/s with a 30-gauge needle. Each i.t. treatment dose is divided into three injections per tumor, with the injected volume set at 50 µL per tumor per 25 g mouse. Thus, for a 30 g mouse, a total of 120 µL of 15 µg/mL of Nemorubicin solution is administered: 20 µL per site × 3 sites per tumor × 2 tumors/mouse. Drug-free controls are injected i.t. with the same vol of PBS. In some experiments, Nemorubicin is administered by i.p. injection at 40 or 60 µg/kg body weight. Tumor sizes and body weights are measured twice/wk for the duration of the study. Tumor volumes are calculated using the formula: V = π/6 (L × W)3/2. Percent tumor regression is calculated as 100 × (V1-V2)/V1, where V1 is the tumor vol on the day of drug treatment and V2 is the vol on the day when the largest the decrease in tumor size is seen following drug treatment. Tumor doubling time is calculated as the time required for tumors to double in vol after drug treatment[4]. |
References: [1]. Quintieri L, et al. Formation and antitumor activity of PNU-159682, a major metabolite of nemorubicin in human liver microsomes. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Feb 15;11(4):1608-17. | |
Nemorubicin is a derivative of doxorubicin, and has antitumor activity.
Nemorubicin has antitumor activity, with IC70s of 578 ± 137 nM, 468 ± 45 nM, 193 ± 28 nM, 191 ± 19 nM, 68 ± 12 nM, and 131 ± 9 nM for HT-29, A2780, DU145, EM-2, Jurkat and CEM cell lines, respectively[1]. Nemorubicin acts through nucleotide excision repair (NER) system to exert its activity. Nemorubicin (0-0.3 μM) is more active in the L1210/DDP cells with intact NER than in the XPG-deficient L1210/0 cells. Cells resistant to nemorubicin show increased sensitivity to UV damage[3]. Nemorubicin is cytotoxic to 9L/3A4 cells, with an IC50 of 0.2 nM, 120-fold lower than that of P450-deficient 9L cells (IC50, 23.9 nM). Nemorubicin also potently inhibits Adeno-3A4 infected U251 cells with IC50 of 1.4 nM. P450 reductase overexpression enhances cytotoxicity of Nemorubicin[4].
Nemorubicin is converted to PNU-159682 by human liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 in rat, mouse, and dog liver microsomes[2]. Nemorubicin (60 µg/kg) induces sifnificant tumor growth delay in scid mice bearing 9L/3A4 tumors, but shows no obvious effect on the tumor growth delay of 9L tumors in mice by i.v. or intratumoral injection (i.t.). Nemorubicin (40 µg/kg, i.p.) exhibits no antitumor activity and no host toxicity in mice bearing 9L/3A4 tumors[4].
[1]. Quintieri L, et al. Formation and antitumor activity of PNU-159682, a major metabolite of nemorubicin in human liver microsomes. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Feb 15;11(4):1608-17. [2]. Quintieri L, et al. In vitro hepatic conversion of the anticancer agent nemorubicin to its active metabolite PNU-159682 in mice, rats and dogs: a comparison with human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008 Sep 15;76(6):784-95. [3]. Sabatino MA, et al. Down-regulation of the nucleotide excision repair gene XPG as a new mechanism of drug resistance in human and murine cancer cells. Mol Cancer. 2010 Sep 24;9:259. [4]. Lu H, et al. Potentiation of methoxymorpholinyl doxorubicin antitumor activity by P450 3A4 gene transfer. Cancer Gene Ther. 2009 May;16(5):393-404.
| Cas No. | 108852-90-0 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 奈莫柔比星,Methoxymorpholinyl doxorubicin; FCE 23762; PNU 152243 | ||
| Canonical SMILES | COC1=C2C(C(C3=C(O)C(C[C@](C(CO)=O)(O)C[C@]4([H])O[C@H]5C[C@H](N6CCO[C@H](OC)C6)[C@H](O)[C@H](C)O5)=C4C(O)=C3C2=O)=O)=CC=C1 | ||
| 分子式 | C32H37NO13 | 分子量 | 643.64 |
| 溶解度 | DMSO: ≥ 47 mg/mL (73.02 mM) | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 1.5537 mL | 7.7683 mL | 15.5366 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.3107 mL | 1.5537 mL | 3.1073 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.1554 mL | 0.7768 mL | 1.5537 mL |
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Nemorubicin
Top Curr Chem 2008;283:191-206.PMID:23605633DOI:10.1007/128_2007_6.
Nemorubicin is a 3'-deamino-3'[2-(S)-methoxy-4-morpholinyl]derivative of doxorubicin. This derivative has been synthesized in the early 1990s by the Farmitalia CarloErba Research Center in Italy. The idea was to develop doxorubicin analogues able to circumvent the emergenceof chemoresistance, in particular the multi-drug resistance. The drug was reported to be active in vitroagainst both murine and human tumor cells resistant to doxorubicin. Similar results were obtained whenthe drug was administered in vivo to mice bearing multi-drug resistant tumors. The compound retained thesame activity also in alkylating agents and topoisomerase II resistant tumors and showed an increased potencyrelative to the parent drug doxorubicin. It is metabolized via P450 CYP3A enzyme to an extremely cytotoxicderivative. Both Nemorubicin and its metabolite have a mechanism of action different from that ofdoxorubicin, with a key role played by the nucleotide excision repair system. The drug is activelytested in clinics as a single agent or in combination with cisplatin.
Nemorubicin and doxorubicin bind the G-quadruplex sequences of the human telomeres and of the c-MYC promoter element Pu22
Biochim Biophys Acta 2016 Jun;1860(6):1129-38.PMID:26922833DOI:10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.02.011.
Background: Intra-molecular G-quadruplex structures are present in the guanine rich regions of human telomeres and were found to be prevalent in gene promoters. More recently, the targeting of c-MYC transcriptional control has been suggested, because the over expression of the c-MYC oncogene is one of the most common aberration found in a wide range of human tumors. Methods: The interaction of Nemorubicin and doxorubicin with DNA G-quadruplex structures has been studied by NMR, ESI-MS and molecular modelling, in order to obtain further information about the complex and the multiple mechanisms of action of these drugs. Results and conclusions: Nemorubicin intercalates between A3 and G4 of d(TTAGGGT)4 and form cap-complex at the G6pT7 site. The presence of the adenine in this sequence is important for the stabilization of the complex, as was shown by the interaction with d(TTGGGTT)4 and d(TTTGGGT)4, which form only a 1:1 complex. The interaction of doxorubicin with d(TTAGGGT)4 is similar, but the complex appears less stable. Nemorubicin also binds with high efficiency the c-MYC G-quadruplex sequence Pu22, to form a very well defined complex. Two Nemorubicin molecules bind to the 3'-end and to the 5'-end, forming an additional plane of stacking over each external G-tetrad. The wild type c-MYCPu22 sequence forms with Nemorubicin the same complex. General significance: Nemorubicin and doxorubicin, not only intercalate into the duplex DNA, but also result in significant ligands for G-quadruplex DNA segments, stabilizing their structure; this may in part explain the multiple mechanisms of action of their antitumor activity.
Virtual Cross-Linking of the Active Nemorubicin Metabolite PNU-159682 to Double-Stranded DNA
Chem Res Toxicol 2017 Feb 20;30(2):614-624.PMID:28068470DOI:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00362.
The DNA alkylating mechanism of PNU-159682 (PNU), a highly potent metabolite of the anthracycline Nemorubicin, was investigated by gel-electrophoretic, HPLC-UV, and micro-HPLC/mass spectrometry (MS) measurements. PNU quickly reacted with double-stranded oligonucleotides, but not with single-stranded sequences, to form covalent adducts which were detectable by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (DPAGE). Ion-pair reverse-phase HPLC-UV analysis on CG rich duplex sequences having a 5'-CCCGGG-3' central core showed the formation of two types of adducts with PNU, which were stable and could be characterized by micro-HPLC/MS. The first type contained one alkylated species (and possibly one reversibly bound species), and the second contained two alkylated species per duplex DNA. The covalent adducts were found to produce effective bridging of DNA complementary strands through the formation of virtual cross-links reminiscent of those produced by classical anthracyclines in the presence of formaldehyde. Furthermore, the absence of reactivity of PNU with CG-rich sequence containing a TA core (CGTACG), and the minor reactivity between PNU and CGC sequences (TACGCG·CGCGTA) pointed out the importance of guanine sequence context in modulating DNA alkylation.
The interaction of Nemorubicin metabolite PNU-159682 with DNA fragments d(CGTACG)(2), d(CGATCG)(2) and d(CGCGCG)(2) shows a strong but reversible binding to G:C base pairs
Bioorg Med Chem 2012 Dec 15;20(24):6979-88.PMID:23154079DOI:10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.033.
The antitumor anthracycline Nemorubicin is converted by human liver microsomes to a major metabolite, PNU-159682 (PNU), which was found to be much more potent than its parent drug toward cultured tumor cells and in vivo tumor models. The mechanism of action of Nemorubicin appears different from other anthracyclines and until now is the object of studies. In fact PNU is deemed to play a dominant, but still unclear, role in the in vivo antitumor activity of Nemorubicin. The interaction of PNU with the oligonucleotides d(CGTACG)(2), d(CGATCG)(2) and d(CGCGCG)(2) was studied with a combined use of (1)H and (31)P NMR spectroscopy and by ESI-mass experiments. The NMR studies allowed to establish that the intercalation between the base pairs of the duplex leads to very stable complexes and at the same time to exclude the formation of covalent bonds. Melting experiments monitored by NMR, allowed to observe with high accuracy the behaviour of the imine protons with temperature, and the results showed that the re-annealing occurs after melting. The formation of reversible complexes was confirmed by HPLC-tandem mass spectra, also combined with endonuclease P1digestion. The MS/MS spectra showed the loss of neutral PNU before breaking the double helix, a behaviour typical of intercalators. After digestion with the enzyme, the spectra did not show any compound with PNU bound to the bases. The evidence of a reversible process appears from both proton and phosphorus NOESY spectra of PNU bound to d(CGTACG)(2) and to d(CGATCG)(2). The dissociation rate constants (k(off)) of the slow step of the intercalation process, measured by (31)P NMR NOE-exchange experiments, showed that the kinetics of the process is slower for PNU than for doxorubicin and Nemorubicin, leading to a 10- to 20-fold increase of the residence time of PNU into the intercalation sites, with respect to doxorubicin. A relevant number of NOE interactions allowed to derive a model of the complexes in solution from restrained MD calculations. The conformation of PNU bound to the oligonucleotides was also derived from the coupling constant values.
LC-MS-MS determination of Nemorubicin (methoxymorpholinyldoxorubicin, PNU-152243A) and its 13-OH metabolite (PNU-155051A) in human plasma
J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002 Oct 15;30(3):377-89.PMID:12367663DOI:10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00222-4.
A selective and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for quantitative determination of Nemorubicin, (PNU-152243A, 3'-deamino-3'[2(S)-methoxy-4-morpholinyl]doxorubicin) hydrocloride and its reduced metabolite PNU-155051 in human plasma has been developed and validated. The method involved solid phase extraction (SPE) in 96-well plates. Plasma samples (0.5 ml plasma, spiked with doxorubicin as internal standard and diluted with 0.5 ml of 0.01 M borate buffer, pH 8.4) were extracted using Oasis HLB SPE material. The elution of PNU-152243, PNU-155051 and of IS was performed with 1 ml of methanol:0.1 M formic acid mixture (90:10, v/v). The organic phase was reduced to dryness under a stream of nitrogen at 20 degrees C and the residue was reconstituted with 0.25 ml of 10 mM ammonium formate buffer pH 4.15:acetonitrile mixture (90:10, v/v). Aliquots of 60 microl of the resulting solution were injected onto the LC-MS-MS system. A Zorbax SB C18 column (2.1 x 150 mm, 3.5 microm) was used to perform the chromatographic analysis. The mobile phase consisted of ammonium formate buffer 10 mM pH 4.15:acetonitrile (73:27, v/v) with a flow-rate of 0.2 ml/min. Detection was achieved by a PE-SCIEX API 3000 with Turbo IonSpray interface, and multiple reaction monitoring (645 --> 321 for PNU-152243, 647 --> 363 for PNU-155051 and 545 --> 345 m/z for doxorubicin) operated in positive ion mode. A weighted linear regression was used to calculate PNU-152243 and PNU-155051 concentrations in QC and unknown samples. Linearity, precision, accuracy and recovery of the method were evaluated over the concentration range of 0.1-5 ng/ml for both compounds. No interference from blank human plasma was observed. The suitability of the method for in vivo samples was assessed by the analysis of samples obtained from patients who had received a single intrahepatic artery dose of PNU-152243A.