Nicotinamide riboside chloride

Nicotinamide riboside is a riboside form of nicotinamide that is found in trace amounts in yeast-containing and milk-derived products.¹ It is a precursor of NAD⁺ and a source of vitamin B₃ (niacin). Nicotinamide riboside increases intracellular and mitochondrial NAD⁺ content in C2C12, Hepa1.6, and HEK293 cells in a concentration-dependent manner at concentrations ranging from 1-1,000 μM.² It also decreases acetylation of FOXO1 and SOD2, which are substrates of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and SIRT3, respectively, but not the SIRT2 substrate tubulin, indicating nicotinamide riboside selectively enhances SIRT1 and 3 deacetylase activity. Nicotinamide riboside (400 mg/kg per day) increases NAD⁺ levels in liver and skeletal muscle and prevents body weight gain in mice fed a high-fat diet. It also increases NAD⁺ in the cerebral cortex and reduces cognitive deterioration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.³

1.Chi, Y., and Sauve, A.A.Nicotinamide riboside, a trace nutrient in foods, is a vitamin B3 with effects on energy metabolism and neuroprotectionCurr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care15(6)657-661(2013) 2.Cantó, C., Houtkooper, R.H., Pirinen, E., et al.The NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside enhances oxidative metabolism and protects against high-fat diet-induced obesityCell Metab.15(6)838-847(2012) 3.Gong, B., Pan, Y., Vempati, P., et al.Nicotinamide riboside restores cognition through an upregulation of proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α regulated β-secretase 1 degradation and mitochondrial gene expression in Alzheimer's mouse modelsNeurobiol. Aging34(6)1581-1588(2013)