p-Synephrine
(Synonyms: (-)-辛弗林) 目录号 : GC37033
p-Synephrine 是一种常见的有机物，在尿液和血液中比较常见。
Cas No.:614-35-7
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >98.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
p-Synephrine is an organic compound, found in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. Human Endogenous Metabolite
| Cas No. | 614-35-7 | SDF | |
| 别名 | (-)-辛弗林 | ||
| Canonical SMILES | OC1=CC=C([C@@H](O)CNC)C=C1 | ||
| 分子式 | C9H13NO2 | 分子量 | 167.21 |
| 溶解度 | Water: 2 mg/mL (11.96 mM) | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 5.9805 mL | 29.9025 mL | 59.805 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.1961 mL | 5.9805 mL | 11.961 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.5981 mL | 2.9903 mL | 5.9805 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
p-Synephrine, ephedrine, p-octopamine and m-synephrine: Comparative mechanistic, physiological and pharmacological properties
Phytother Res 2020 Aug;34(8):1838-1846.PMID:32101364DOI:10.1002/ptr.6649.
Confusion and misunderstanding exist regarding the lack of cardiovascular and other adverse health effects of p-Synephrine and p-octopamine relative to ephedrine and m-synephrine (phenylephrine) which are known for their effects on the cardiovascular system. These four molecules have some structural similarities. However, the structural and stereochemical differences of p-Synephrine and p-octopamine as related to ephedrine and m-synephrine result in markedly different adrenergic receptor binding characteristics as well as other mechanistic differences which are reviewed. p-Synephrine and p-octopamine exhibit little binding to α-1, α-2, β-1 and β-2 adrenergic receptors, nor are they known to exhibit indirect actions leading to an increase in available levels of endogenous norepinephrine and epinephrine at commonly used doses. The relative absence of these mechanistic actions provides an explanation for their lack of production of cardiovascular effects at commonly used oral doses as compared to ephedrine and m-synephrine. As a consequence, the effects of ephedrine and m-synephrine cannot be directly extrapolated to p-Synephrine and p-octopamine which exhibit significantly different pharmacokinetic, and physiological/pharmacological properties. These conclusions are supported by human, animal and in vitro studies that are discussed.
Effects of p-Synephrine during Exercise: A Brief Narrative Review
Nutrients 2021 Jan 15;13(1):233.PMID:33467423DOI:10.3390/nu13010233.
The p-Synephrine is the principal phytochemical found in bitter orange (Citrus aurantium). This substance is widely included in dietary supplements for weight loss/body fat reduction due to its potential benefits of increasing fat oxidation. For years, p-synephrine-containing dietary supplements have been marketed without proper knowledge of their true effectiveness to enhance fat utilization, especially when combined with exercise. However, the effects of p-Synephrine on fat oxidation during exercise have been investigated in the last few years. The aim of the current discussion is to summarize the evidence on the effects of p-Synephrine intake on fat oxidation and performance during exercise. Previous investigations have demonstrated that the acute intake of p-Synephrine does not modify running sprint performance, jumping capacity, or aerobic capacity. However, the acute intake of p-Synephrine, in a dose of 2-3 mg/kg of body mass, has been effective to enhance the rate of fat oxidation during incremental and continuous exercise. This effect has been observed in a range of exercise workloads between 30% and 80% of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). The p-Synephrine has the ability to increase the maximal rate of fat oxidation during exercise of increasing intensity without affecting the workload at which maximal fat oxidation is obtained (Fatmax). The effect of p-Synephrine on fat oxidation is normally accompanied by a concomitant reduction of carbohydrate utilization during exercise, without modifying the energy expended during exercise. The shifting in substrate oxidation is obtained without any effect on heart rate during exercise and the prevalence of adverse effects is negligible. Thus, the acute use of p-Synephrine, or p-synephrine-containing products, might offer some benefits for those individuals seeking higher fat utilization during exercise at low to moderate intensities. However, more research is still necessary to determine if the effect of p-Synephrine on fat oxidation during exercise is maintained with chronic ingestion, in order to ascertain the utility of this substance in conjunction with exercise programs to produce an effective body fat/weight loss reduction.
Safety, Efficacy, and Mechanistic Studies Regarding Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extract and p-Synephrine
Phytother Res 2017 Oct;31(10):1463-1474.PMID:28752649DOI:10.1002/ptr.5879.
Citrus aurantium L. (bitter orange) extracts that contain p-Synephrine as the primary protoalkaloid are widely used for weight loss/weight management, sports performance, appetite control, energy, and mental focus and cognition. Questions have been raised about the safety of p-Synephrine because it has some structural similarity to ephedrine. This review focuses on current human, animal, in vitro, and mechanistic studies that address the safety, efficacy, and mechanisms of action of bitter orange extracts and p-Synephrine. Numerous studies have been conducted with respect to p-Synephrine and bitter orange extract because ephedra and ephedrine were banned from use in dietary supplements in 2004. Approximately 30 human studies indicate that p-Synephrine and bitter orange extracts do not result in cardiovascular effects and do not act as stimulants at commonly used doses. Mechanistic studies suggest that p-Synephrine exerts its effects through multiple actions, which are discussed. Because p-Synephrine exhibits greater adrenergic receptor binding in rodents than humans, data from animals cannot be directly extrapolated to humans. This review, as well as several other assessments published in recent years, has concluded that bitter orange extract and p-Synephrine are safe for use in dietary supplements and foods at the commonly used doses. Copyright © 2017 The Authors Phytotherapy Research Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Review of Published Bitter Orange Extract and p-Synephrine Adverse Event Clinical Study Case Reports
J Diet Suppl 2020;17(3):355-363.PMID:30835576DOI:10.1080/19390211.2019.1577936.
p-Synephrine is the primary active ingredient in bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) extract and is present in other citrus species. This review summarizes all known case reports that have been published regarding adverse events associated with multi-ingredient dietary supplements containing bitter orange extract. A common characteristic of all the case studies was the assumption that if bitter orange extract is listed on the label of the product it is the most likely cause of any adverse effect, although in no case was the presence of p-Synephrine determined or a direct link demonstrated. No case study reviewed the existing published literature, and all failed to note that numerous clinical studies have not demonstrated adverse effects at commonly used doses. Most studies did not indicate the composition of the product involved, and no study analyzed the product in question. In no case was a direct correlation between the event and p-Synephrine made. Although p-Synephrine and ephedrine have some structural similarity, the structural differences result in markedly different pharmacokinetic, physiological, and pharmacological effects, and thus the effects produced by ephedrine cannot be extrapolated to p-Synephrine.
A review of the receptor-binding properties of p-Synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects
Oxid Med Cell Longev 2011;2011:482973.PMID:21904645DOI:10.1155/2011/482973.
Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-Synephrine are used widely in weight loss/weight management and sports performance products. Because of structural similarities, the pharmacological effects of p-Synephrine are widely assumed to be similar to those of ephedrine, m-synephrine (phenylephrine), and endogenous amine neurotransmitters as norepinephrine and epinephrine. However, small structural changes result in the receptor binding characteristics of these amines that are markedly different, providing a plausible explanation for the paucity of adverse effects associated with the wide-spread consumption of p-Synephrine in the form of dietary supplements as well as in various Citrus foods and juices. This paper summarizes the adrenoreceptor binding characteristics of p-Synephrine relative to m-synephrine, norepinephrine, and other amines as related to the observed pharmacological effects.