Ginsenoside Rg1

Ginsenoside Rg1, one of the main active components found in Panax ginseng, is a class of natural products known as steroid glycosides with a wide range of biological activities. Ginsenoside Rg1 has attracted significant attention due to its various pharmacological effects, including the promotion of hippocampal neurogenesis, improvement of neural plasticity, enhancement of learning and memory, anti-aging and anti-fatigue effects, as well as immunoregulatory and anti-tumor activities. Treatment with G-Rg1 has also been shown to significantly reduce the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in ischemia-reperfusion animal and cell models^[1]. Ginsenoside Rg1 has been demonstrated to have significant neuroprotective effects, reduce brain levels of Aβ, and decrease NF-κB nuclear translocation, making it a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases^[4].

In vitro, ginsenoside Rg1 (5 μmol/L) significantly promoted the proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). Compared with the control group, the induced group, the ginsenoside Rg1 group, and the combination of both showed increased ALP activity and expressions of DSPP and DMP1 genes^[1]. Another study indicated that Rg1 significantly reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in inflamed joints of AIA rats and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, increased PPAR-γ protein expression, and inhibited the phosphorylation of IκBα and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB^[2].

In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of Rg1 (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) in AIA rats for 14 consecutive days showed therapeutic effects on arthritis, significantly alleviating joint swelling and damage^[2]. Moreover, treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 and Rg2 (30 mg/kg; 1 month) effectively improved the cognitive function of APP/PS1 mice, observed gradual improvement in brain pathological abnormalities, and effectively reduced the accumulation of Aβ deposits^[3].

References:
[1] Zhang L, et al. Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats via modulation of PPAR-γ/NF-κB signal pathway. Oncotarget. 2017 Jul 24;8(33):55384-55393.
[2] Wang P, et al. Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp cells in vitro. Aust Dent J. 2012 Jun;57(2):157-65.
[3] Li N, et al. A UPLC/MS-based metabolomics investigation of the protective effect of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 in mice with Alzheimer's disease. J Ginseng Res. 2016 Jan;40(1):9-17.
[4] Xie W , Zhou P , Sun Y ,et al. Protective Effects and Target Network Analysis of Ginsenoside Rg1 in Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury: A Comprehensive Overview of Experimental Studies[J].Cells, 2018, 7(12).

人参皂苷Rg1是人参中发现的主要活性成分之一，人参皂苷Rg1是一类天然产物，是具有多种生物活性的甾体糖苷。人参皂苷Rg1因其多种药理作用而特别引人注目，可以促进海马神经发生，改善神经可塑性，增强学习记忆，发挥抗衰老和抗疲劳作用，调节免疫和抗肿瘤活性。人参皂苷Rg1已被证明具有显著的神经保护作用，还可以降低脑内Aβ水平，还减少NF-κB核转位，使其成为阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病等神经退行性疾病的潜在治疗剂^[1]。人参皂苷Rg1治疗还显著降低了缺血-再灌注动物和细胞模型中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的表达^[4]。

在体外，人参皂苷Rg 1能显著降低脂多糖（LPS）刺激的AIA大鼠炎症关节和RAW 264. 7细胞中TNF-α和IL-6水平，增加PPAR-γ蛋白表达，抑制IκBα磷酸化和NF-κB核转位^[1]。另一研究表明，人参皂苷Rg 1（5 μmol/L）明显促进人牙髓细胞hDPC的增殖和分化。与对照组相比，诱导组、人参皂苷Rg 1组及二者联合组ALP活性、DSPP和DMP 1基因表达均升高^[2]。

在体内，给AIA大鼠腹腔注射Rg 1（5、10和20 mg/kg），连续14 d，观察其抗关节炎作用。结果表明，人参皂甙Rg 1对AIA大鼠具有治疗作用，能显著减轻关节肿胀和损伤^[2]。此外，人参皂苷Rg 1和人参皂苷Rg 2治疗（30 mg/kg；1 month）有效地改善了APP/PS1小鼠的认知功能，观察到大脑病理异常逐渐改善，Aβ沉积物蓄积有效减少^[3]。