GLP-1 (28-36) amide (trifluoroacetate salt)

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (28-36) amide is a peptide and an active metabolite of the endogenous GLP-1R agonist GLP-1 (7-36) amide.^1,2 It is formed from GLP-1 (7-36) amide by neprilysin (NEP).² GLP-1 (28-36) amide (100 nM) inhibits decreases in ATP levels induced by hydrogen peroxide and increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) in primary mouse hepatocytes and H-4-II-E hepatoma cells.¹ It reduces body weight gain, the ratio of weight gain to food intake, and hepatic gluconeogenesis in a mouse model of obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) when administered at a dose of 18.5 nmol/kg per day.³ GLP-1 (28-36) amide decreases plasma levels of glucose and insulin and hepatic triglyceride levels in a mouse model of obesity induced by a very high-fat diet (VHFD) when infused at a rate of 18.5 nmol/kg per day.⁴

References:
[1]. Tomas, E., Stanojevic, V., and Habener, J.F.GLP-1-derived nonapeptide GLP-1(28-36)amide targets to mitochondria and suppresses glucose production and oxidative stress in isolated mouse hepatocytesRegul. Pept.167(2-3)177-184(2011).
[2]. Hupe-Sodmann, K., McGregor, G.P., Bridenbaugh, R., et al.Characterisation of the processing by human neutral endopeptidase 2.
[4]. 11 of GLP-1(7-36) amide and comparison of the substrate specificity of the enzyme for other glucagon-like peptidesRegul. Pept.58(3)149-156(1995).
[3]. Ip, W., Shao, W., Chiang, Y.-t.A., et al.GLP-1-derived nonapeptide GLP-1(28-36)amide represses hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression and improves pyruvate tolerance in high-fat diet-fed miceAm. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.305(11)E1348-E1358(2013).
[4]. Tomas, E., Wood, J.A., Stanojevic, V., et al.GLP-1-derived nonapeptide GLP-1(28-36)amide inhibits weight gain and attenuates diabetes and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese miceRegul. Pept.169(1-3)43-48(2011).