Glutathione oxidized (L-Glutathione oxidized)
(Synonyms: 氧化型谷胱甘肽; L-Glutathione oxidized; GSSG; Oxiglutatione) 目录号 : GC31353
An oxidized form of GSH
Cas No.:27025-41-8
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
Quality Control & SDS
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- Purity: >98.50%
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L-Glutathione, oxidized (GSSG) is an oxidized form of the antioxidant L-glutathione .1 It is produced upon reduction of hydroperoxide by glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) and can be reduced back to GSH through the NADPH-dependent enzyme glutathione reductase (GR).2,3 The reduced glutathione-to-oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio has been used as an indicator of oxidative stress.2
1.Pompella, A., Visvikis, A., Paolicchi, A., et al.The changing faces of glutathione, a cellular protagonistBiochem. Pharmacol.66(8)1499-1503(2003) 2.Johnson, F.D., Ferrarone, J., Liu, A., et al.Characterization of a small molecule inhibitor of disulfide reductases that induces oxidative stress and lethality in lung cancer cellsCell Rep.38(6)110343(2022) 3.Imai, H., and Nakagawa, Y.Biological significance of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx, GPx4) in mammalian cellsFree Radic. Biol. Med.34(2)145-169(2003)
| Cas No. | 27025-41-8 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 氧化型谷胱甘肽; L-Glutathione oxidized; GSSG; Oxiglutatione | ||
| Canonical SMILES | O=C(NCC(O)=O)[C@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(NCC(O)=O)=O)NC(CC[C@H](N)C(O)=O)=O)NC(CC[C@H](N)C(O)=O)=O | ||
| 分子式 | C20H32N6O12S2 | 分子量 | 612.63 |
| 溶解度 | Water : 33.33 mg/mL (54.40 mM) | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 1.6323 mL | 8.1615 mL | 16.3231 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.3265 mL | 1.6323 mL | 3.2646 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.1632 mL | 0.8162 mL | 1.6323 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Measurement of oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant antioxidant in aerobic cells, present in micromolar (microM)-concentrations in bodily fluids and in millimolar (mM) concentrations in tissue. GSH is critical for protecting the brain from oxidative stress, acting as a free radical scavenger and inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. GSH also participates in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide by various glutathione peroxidases. The ratio of reduced GSH to oxidized GSH (GSSG) is an indicator of cellular health, with reduced GSH constituting up to 98% of cellular GSH under normal conditions. However, the GSH/GSSG ratio is reduced in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Measuring the GSH/GSSG ratio in pathological tissues and experimental models thereof in comparison to the results in controls is an excellent way to assess potential therapeutics efficacy in maintaining cellular redox potential. The availability of UV/Visible instruments equipped with 96-well plate readers as common laboratory equipment has made measuring the GSH/GSSG ratio on multiple samples a manageable procedure.
The role of glutathione redox imbalance in autism spectrum disorder: A review
The role of glutathione in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is emerging as a major topic, due to its role in the maintenance of the intracellular redox balance. Several studies have implicated glutathione redox imbalance as a leading factor in ASD, and both ASD and many other neurodevelopmental disorders involve low levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), high levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and abnormalities in the expressions of glutathione-related enzymes in the blood or brain. Glutathione metabolism, through its impact on redox environment or redox-independent mechanisms, interferes with multiple mechanisms involved in ASD pathogenesis. Glutathione-mediated regulation of glutamate receptors [e.g., N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor], as well as the role of glutamate as a substrate for glutathione synthesis, may be involved in the regulation of glutamate excitotoxicity. However, the interaction between glutathione and glutamate in the pathogenesis of brain diseases may vary from synergism to antagonism. Modulation of glutathione is also associated with regulation of redox-sensitive transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) and downstream signaling (proinflammatory cytokines and inducible enzymes), thus providing a significant impact on neuroinflammation. Mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as neuronal apoptosis, may also provide a significant link between glutathione metabolism and ASD. Furthermore, it has been recently highlighted that glutathione can affect and modulate DNA methylation and epigenetics. Review analysis including research studies meeting the required criteria for analysis showed statistically significant differences between the plasma GSH and GSSG levels as well as GSH:GSSG ratio in autistic patients compared with healthy individuals (P = 0.0145, P = 0.0150 and P = 0.0202, respectively). Therefore, the existing data provide a strong background on the role of the glutathione system in ASD pathogenesis. Future research is necessary to investigate the role of glutathione redox signaling in ASD, which could potentially also lead to promising therapeutics.
Assay for quantitative determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels using enzymatic recycling method
The spectrophotometric/microplate reader assay method for glutathione (GSH) involves oxidation of GSH by the sulfhydryl reagent 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) to form the yellow derivative 5'-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB), measurable at 412 nm. The glutathione disulfide (GSSG) formed can be recycled to GSH by glutathione reductase in the presence of NADPH. The assay is composed of two parts: the preparation of cell cytosolic/tissue extracts and the detection of total glutathione (GSH and GSSG). The method is simple, convenient, sensitive and accurate. The lowest detection for GSH and GSSG is 0.103 nM in a 96-well plate. This method is rapid and the whole procedure takes no longer than 15 min including reagent preparation. The method can assay GSH in whole blood, plasma, serum, lung lavage fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, tissues and cell extracts and can be extended for drug discovery/pharmacology and toxicology protocols to study the effects of drugs and toxic compounds on glutathione metabolism.
Efficient Esterification of Oxidized l-Glutathione and Other Small Peptides
Oxidized l-glutathione was esterified to the tetra methyl ester using thionyl chloride in methanol solvent. Other alcohols were tested and the reaction progress was monitored via ESI-MS. This procedure proved to be compatible with other small peptides not containing serine and cysteine residues. In contrast to previously reported methods this procedure provided convenient access to esterified peptides requiring no purification, extended reaction times, or complicated reaction setups.
A Yellow Fluorescence Probe for the Detection of Oxidized Glutathione and Biological Imaging
It is well-known that the ratio of reduced l-glutathione (GSH) to oxidized l-glutathione (GSSG) is a vital biomarker for monitoring overall cellular health, thus detecting the intracellular concentration of glutathione is of great significance. Recently, an increasing number of reports have published various methods for GSH detection, but studies on the detection of GSSG are still rare. Here, we report a kind of new yellow fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) for the detection of GSSG through a fluorescence "off-on" process. Because the surface is rich in amino groups, the CDs show a positive potential. When the concentration of GSSG was continuously increased, the CDs' fluorescence dropped sharply, while the fluorescence gradually recovered after the addition of sodium sulfide. The phenomenon of fluorescence quenching is linear with the concentration of the quencher (GSSG)(0-200 μM), and 0.18 μM is calculated as the detection limit. More interestingly, as a fluorescent probe, the CDs can be further used for fluorescence imaging in living cells and zebrafish.