Glycocholic acid

Cell lines

Caco-2 cells

Preparation Method

All Caco-2 cell experiments started on day 14 after seeding. The cells were exposed for 48h with the following: 1:75 dilution (~1mM) of whole human bile (coming from one patient with unknown identity for the researchers) 10 or 100μM chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) as primary bile acid, 10 or 100μM lithocholic acid (LCA) as secondary bile acid, and 10 or 100μM Glycocholic acid (GCA) and taurocholic acid (TCA) as conjugated bile acid and 10mM of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate in FBS-free medium in the upper compartments. After incubation, the resistance was measured and the cells were saved for protein expression.

Reaction Conditions

10, 100μM; 48h

Applications

Glycocholic acid in combination with butyrate increased the Hsp90β protein expression significantly, at a comparable level to whole bile, while Taurocholic acid had no such effect.

Animal models

Zebrafish

Preparation Method

Three days post-fertilization (dpf), zebrafish were divided into control (PBS microinjection), model (LPS microinjection), and administration (LPS microinjection+drug administration) groups. Embryos in the administration groups were pretreated with Babaodan (10µg/mL), C. bovis (10µg/mL), bile acids (including Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt (TDCA), Deoxycholic acid (DCA), Taurocholic acid Sodium Salt (TCA), Glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), Glycocholic acid (GCA), Cholic acid (CA), Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA)) (All the bile acids were administered at a concentration of 10µg/mL), and dexamethasone (DEX, 20µg/mL) (positive control), respectively. After 24h of treatment, microinjection was performed in a 1nL volume per larva with LPS at a concentration of 2.5mg/mL. The control group used phosphate-buffered saline of the same volume as LPS. Embryos were retreated with drugs for 6h right after recovery from anesthesia (0.02% tricaine).

Dosage form

10µg/mL; microinjection

Applications

Among all the bile acids, Taurocholic acid and Glycocholic acid showed the strongest effects on reducing macrophage accumulation. the LPS-stimulated upregulation of IL-6, TNF-α, and CCL-2 were significantly inhibited by either Taurocholic acid or Glycocholic acid treatment. 

References:
[1]Casselbrant A, Fändriks L, Wallenius V. Glycocholic acid and butyrate synergistically increase vitamin D-induced calcium uptake in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell monolayers[J]. Bone reports, 2020, 13: 100294.
[2]Ge X, Huang S, Ren C, et al. Taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid inhibit inflammation and activate farnesoid X receptor expression in LPS-stimulated zebrafish and macrophages[J]. Molecules, 2023, 28(5): 2005.