Herkinorin
目录号 : GC43817An Analytical Reference Standard
Cas No.:862073-77-6
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >98.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Herkinorin is an analytical reference standard that is functionally categorized as an opioid. It is a natural neoclerodane diterpene from S. divinorum that preferentially activates the µ-opioid receptor. Unlike the peptide DAMGO , herkinorin activates µ-opioid receptors without inducing arrestin-mediated receptor internalization. Herkinorin has antinociceptive effects in rats. It has been identified as a novel psychoactive substance in multiple agitated emergency department patients screened in a non-targeted manner. This product is intended for research and forensic applications.
| Cas No. | 862073-77-6 | SDF | |
| Canonical SMILES | O=C(O[C@H]1C[C@@H](C(OC)=O)[C@@](CC[C@]2([H])[C@]3(C)C[C@@H](C4=COC=C4)OC2=O)(C)[C@]3([H])C1=O)C5=CC=CC=C5 | ||
| 分子式 | C28H30O8 | 分子量 | 494.5 |
| 溶解度 | Acetonitrile: 1 mg/ml,DMF: 1 mg/ml,DMF:PBS(pH 7.2)(1:1): 0.5 mg/ml,DMSO: 2 mg/ml | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C, protect from light |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 2.0222 mL | 10.1112 mL | 20.2224 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.4044 mL | 2.0222 mL | 4.0445 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.2022 mL | 1.0111 mL | 2.0222 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Herkinorin negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome to alleviate neuronal ischemic injury through activating Mu opioid receptor and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway
J Cell Biochem 2021 Apr 9.PMID:33835525DOI:10.1002/jcb.29929.
Herkinorin is a novel opioid receptor agonist. Activation of opioid receptors, a member of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), may play an important role in Herkinorin neuroprotection. GPCRs may modulate NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-mediated inflammatory responses in the mechanisms of inflammation-associated disease and pathological processes. In this study, we investigated the effects of Herkinorin on NLRP3 and the underlying receptor and molecular mechanisms in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-treated rat cortex neurons. First, Western blot analysis showed that Herkinorin can inhibit the activation of NLRP3 and Caspase-1, decrease the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, and decrease the secretion of IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor α detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in OGD/R-treated neurons. Then we found that Herkinorin downregulated NLRP3 levels by inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, reducing the phosphorylation level of p65 and IκBα in OGD/R-treated neurons (p < .05 or .01, n = 3 per group). Instead, both the mu opioid receptor (MOR) inhibitor, β-funaltrexamine, and MOR knockdown reversed the effects of Herkinorin on NLRP3 (p < .05 or .01, n = 3 per group). Further, we found that the level of β-arrestin2 decreased in the cell membrane and increased in the cytoplasm after Herkinorin pretreatment in OGD/R-treated neurons. In co-immunoprecipitation experiments, Herkinorin increased the binding of IκBα with β-arrestin2, decreased the ubiquitination level of IκBα, and β-arrestin2 knockdown reversed the effects of Herkinorin on IκBα in OGD/R-treated neurons (p < .05 or .01, n = 3 per group). Our data demonstrated that Herkinorin negatively regulated NLRP3 inflammasome to alleviate neuronal ischemic injury through inhibiting NF-κB pathway mediated primarily by MOR activation. Inhibition of the NF-κB pathway by Herkinorin may be achieved by decreasing the ubiquitination level of IκBα, in which β-arrestin2 may play an important role.
Herkinorin dilates cerebral vessels via kappa opioid receptor and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in a piglet model
Brain Res 2013 Jan 15;1490:95-100.PMID:23103502DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.10.024.
Since Herkinorin is the first non-opioid mu agonist derived from salvinorin A that has the ability to induce cerebral vascular dilatation, we hypothesized that Herkinorin could have similar vascular dilatation effect via the mu and kappa opioid receptors and the cAMP pathway. The binding affinities of Herkinorin to kappa and mu opioid receptors were determined by in-vitro competition binding assays. The cerebral arteries were monitored in piglets equipped with a closed cranial window and the artery responses were recorded before and every 30s after injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the presence or absence of the investigated drugs: herkinorion, norbinaltorphimine (NTP), a kappa opioid receptor antagonist, β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA), a mu opioid receptor antagonist, or Rp-8-Br-cAMPS (Rp-cAMPS), an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA). CSF samples were collected before and 10 min after Herkinorin and NTP administration for the measurement of cAMP levels. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance. Our results show that Herkinorin binds to both kappa and mu opioid receptors. Its vasodilation effect is totally abolished by NTP, but is not affected by β-FNA. The levels of cAMP in the CSF elevate after Herkinorin administration, but are abolished with NTP administration. The cerebral vasodilative effect of Herkinorin is also blunted by Rp-cAMPS. In conclusion, as a non-opioid kappa and mu opioid receptor agonist, Herkinorin exhibits cerebral vascular dilatation effect. The dilatation is mediated though the kappa opioid receptor rather than the mu opioid receptor. cAMP signaling also plays an important role in this process.
Herkinorin analogues with differential beta-arrestin-2 interactions
J Med Chem 2008 Apr 24;51(8):2421-31.PMID:18380425DOI:10.1021/jm701162g.
Salvinorin A is a psychoactive natural product that has been found to be a potent and selective kappa opioid receptor agonist in vitro and in vivo. The activity of salvinorin A is unusual compared to other opioids such as morphine in that it mediates potent kappa opioid receptor signaling yet leads to less receptor downregulation than observed with other kappa agonists. Our initial chemical modifications of salvinorin A have yielded one analogue, Herkinorin ( 1c), with high affinity at the microOR. We recently reported that 1c does not promote the recruitment of beta-arrestin-2 to the microOR or receptor internalization. Here we describe three new derivatives of 1c ( 3c, 3f, and 3i) with similar properties and one, benzamide 7b, that promotes recruitment of beta-arrestin-2 to the microOR and receptor internalization. When the important role micro opioid receptor regulation plays in determining physiological responsiveness to opioid narcotics is considered, micro opioids derived from salvinorin A may offer a unique template for the development of functionally selective mu opioid receptor-ligands with the ability to produce analgesia while limiting adverse side effects.
cPKCγ membrane translocation is involved in Herkinorin‑induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice
Mol Med Rep 2017 Jan;15(1):221-227.PMID:27922694DOI:10.3892/mmr.2016.5995.
Herkinorin is an opiate analgesic with limited adverse effects, functioning as a primary selective atypical opioid µ agonist. The present study aimed to identify whether Herkinorin has a positive effect on ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups: i) Naïve, ii) sham, iii) I/R, iv) I/R with dimethyl sulfoxide (I/R+D) and v) I/R with Herkinorin (I/R+H). The I/R injury model was induced by occluding the middle cerebral artery for 1 h followed by 24 h or 7 days of reperfusion. Neurobehavioral scores and sensorimotor functions were examined 24 h and 7 days following reperfusion. In addition, infarct volumes were examined at these time points using a 2,3,5‑triphenyltetrazolium chloride assay. Herkinorin treatment improved neurobehavioral and sensorimotor functional recovery from I/R‑induced brain injury. There was a significant decrease in infarct volume in the I/R+H group at 24 h or 7 days following reperfusion compared with the I/R and I/R+D groups. Western blotting suggested that the decrease in conventional protein kinase C γ (cPKCγ) membrane translocation in the peri‑infarct region may be attenuated by Herkinorin pretreatment. These results indicated that Herkinorin may be beneficial in I/R‑induced mouse brain injury, and this may be attributed to the membrane translocation of cPKCγ following activation.
The effects of Herkinorin, the first mu-selective ligand from a salvinorin A-derived scaffold, in a neuroendocrine biomarker assay in nonhuman primates
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008 Oct;327(1):154-60.PMID:18593955DOI:10.1124/jpet.108.140079.
Herkinorin is the first mu-opioid receptor-selective ligand from the salvinorin A diterpenoid scaffold. Herkinorin has relative mu > kappa > delta binding selectivity, and it can act as an agonist at both mu- and kappa-receptors, in vitro. These studies were the first in vivo evaluation of the effects of Herkinorin in nonhuman primates, using prolactin release, a neuroendocrine biomarker assay that is responsive to both mu- and kappa-agonists, as well as to compounds with limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. In cumulative dosing studies (0.01-0.32 mg/kg i.v.), Herkinorin produced only small effects in gonadally intact males (n = 4), but a more robust effect in females (n = 4). Time course studies with Herkinorin (0.32 mg/kg) confirmed this greater effectiveness in females and revealed a fast onset after i.v. administration (e.g., by 5-15 min). Antagonism experiments with different doses of nalmefene (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) caused dose-dependent and complete prevention of the effect of Herkinorin in females. This is consistent with a principal mu-agonist effect of Herkinorin, with likely partial contribution by kappa-agonist effects. The peripherally selective antagonist quaternary naltrexone (1 mg/kg s.c.) caused approximately 70% reduction in the peak effect of Herkinorin (0.32 mg/kg) in females, indicating that this effect of Herkinorin is prominently mediated outside the blood-brain barrier.