Imexon (BM 06002)
(Synonyms: 亚美克松; BM 06002) 目录号 : GC32952
Imexon (BM 06002) (BM 06002) 是一种具有抗癌活性的亚氨基吡咯烷酮氮丙啶。
Cas No.:59643-91-3
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >98.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Cell experiment: | Cell survival for the siRNA screening experiments are calculated by the conversion of resazurin to resorufin by metabolically active cells resulting in a fluorescent product. Confirmatory growth inhibition assays with eIF2b silencing are done using the methyl-thiazolyl-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell growth inhibition data are expressed as percent survival, compared to untreated cells. The IC50 is defined as the drug concentration required to produce 50% growth inhibition. |
Animal experiment: | The effect of the combination on tumor growth in vivo is evaluated in 25-30 g male SCID mice (n=8/group). Mice receive 5×106 A375 cells subcutaneously and are pair matched on day 30, when the average tumor burden is approximately 100 mm3. Treatment begins the following day, as follows: (i) saline vehicle control; (ii) 80 mg/kg/day DTIC; (iii) 100 mg/kg/day imexon; (iv) a combination of both drugs at the same doses. Drugs are administered (i.p.) for nine consecutive days and imexon is administered 15 min before DTIC when combined. Measurement of tumor burden and body weights are made every 3-4 days. Tumor burden (mm3) is calculated as (length × width2)/2. |
References: [1]. Sheveleva EV, et al. Imexon induces an oxidative endoplasmic reticulum stress response in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res. 2012 Mar;10(3):392-400. | |
Imexon (BM 06002) is an iminopyrrolidone aziridine with anti-cancer activity.
Imexon (BM 06002) induces oxidative stress in the ER, activates an ER stress response. Imexon (BM 06002) does not significantly alter the levels of eIF2B5, however there is a dose-dependent increase in the phosphorylation of eIF2alpha, as well as an increase in the levels of GTP exchange protein eIF2B2 in MiaPaCa-2, Panc-1, and BxPC3 cells[1]. Imexon (BM 06002) induces single-stranded breaks in the human A375 melanoma cells but only significantly at the highest concentrations for each agent compared to controls. Imexon plus DTIC cytotoxicity is additive[2]. Imexon (BM 06002) show inhibitory activities against MiaPaCa-2, Panc-1 and BxPC3, with IC50s of 275.5 ± 54.2, 147.4 ± 4.7 and 355.7 ± 114.7 μM[3].
Imexon (BM 06002) in combination with DTIC results in an increase in the peak plasma imexon level in non-tumor-bearing mice. The combination of both drugs increases plasma imexon AUC by 22% (p=0.026). Imexon (BM 06002) (100 mg/kg/day, i.v.) treatment decreases the body weight of SCID mice bearing human A375 melanoma tumors, but there is no significant difference in tumor growth[2]. Imexon (BM 06002) (100 mg/kg) in combination with GEM shows synergistic inhibition of Panc-1 tumor growth in SCID mice.
[1]. Sheveleva EV, et al. Imexon induces an oxidative endoplasmic reticulum stress response in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res. 2012 Mar;10(3):392-400. [2]. Samulitis BK, et al. Interaction of dacarbazine and imexon, in vitro and in vivo, in human A375 melanoma cells. Anticancer Res. 2011 Sep;31(9):2781-5. [3]. Roman NO, et al. Imexon enhances gemcitabine cytotoxicity by inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011 Jan;67(1):183-92.
| Cas No. | 59643-91-3 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 亚美克松; BM 06002 | ||
| Canonical SMILES | O=C1N2CC2C(N)=N1 | ||
| 分子式 | C4H5N3O | 分子量 | 111.1 |
| 溶解度 | Soluble in DMSO | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 9.0009 mL | 45.0045 mL | 90.009 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.8002 mL | 9.0009 mL | 18.0018 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.9001 mL | 4.5005 mL | 9.0009 mL |
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Preformulation studies on Imexon
Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2006 Jul;32(6):687-97.PMID:16885124DOI:10.1080/03639040600599830.
Imexon is an aziridine containing iminopyrrolidone that, through aziridine ring opening, is able to induce oxidative stress resulting in apoptosis. The main objective of this research was to conduct extensive preformulation studies on Imexon in order to understand the factors that affect its stability. The results obtained indicate that the stability of Imexon is dependent on pH, ionic strength, temperature, buffer species, and initial concentration. Degradation of Imexon follows apparent first-order degradation kinetics with the primary degradation product resulting from opening of the aziridine ring. In order to maximize stability, ionic strength, temperature, and initial concentration should be minimized, with an optimal range pH between 7.2 and 9.0. Experimentation with other aqueous solutions indicates that Imexon has increased stability in D5W as opposed to normal saline, while it undergoes rapid degradation in 6% H(2)O(2). Imexon is not ionizable between pH 5.0 to 8.5 and has an aqueous solubility of approximately 25 mg/mL over this range. Solid-state characterization has concluded that Imexon is a crystalline solid that begins decomposition at 165 degrees C, prior to melting.
Imexon enhances gemcitabine cytotoxicity by inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011 Jan;67(1):183-92.PMID:20339847DOI:10.1007/s00280-010-1306-0.
Purpose: Gemcitabine (GEM) is currently the standard first line treatment for pancreatic cancer; however, the overall survival of patients with this disease remains poor. Imexon is a pro-oxidant small molecule which produced a high response rate in combination with GEM in a phase I trial in pancreatic cancer. In this study, we investigate the combination of GEM with a novel redox-active agent, Imexon, in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Median effect analysis was used for in vitro combination cytotoxicity. The effect of Imexon on GEM metabolism and uptake into cells and into DNA and effects on ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) were examined in vitro. The pharmacokinetics and antitumor efficacy of the Imexon/GEM combination was evaluated in mouse models. Results: In three human pancreatic cancer lines, there was additivity for the Imexon/GEM combination. There was significantly greater efficacy for the drug combination in Panc-1 xenograft tumors. A pharmacokinetic study in mice showed a near doubling in the AUC of Imexon when GEM was co-administered, with no effect of Imexon on GEM's pharmacokinetic disposition. In vitro, Imexon did not alter GEM's metabolism or uptake into DNA, but significantly inhibited RNR, and this effect was greater when combined with GEM. Conclusions: These results suggest that the interaction between Imexon and GEM may be due to complimentary inhibition of RNR plus an enhanced exposure to Imexon when the GEM is administered in vivo. This combination is currently being tested in a randomized phase II trial in pancreatic cancer.
Chemistry and pharmacology of Imexon and related cyanoaziridines
Curr Med Chem 2012;19(33):5745-53.PMID:22998528DOI:10.2174/092986712803988802.
Following the demonstration that addition of a 2-cyano group to aziridines prevented DNA alkylation and thus reduced toxicity, many novel 2-cyanoaziridines were synthesized and evaluated as immunomodulating and antitumor agents. They typically reacted with thiols such as cysteine, depleting them and allowing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Two of these compounds, azimexon and ciamexon, showed activity against tumors in clinical trials. Imexon was produced by cyclization of 2-cyanoaziridine-1- carboxamide in the presence of hydroxide ions. The two enantiomers were prepared by a process involving chiral chromatography. They were equipotent against cultured tumor cells. Imexon also reacts with thiols and it is especially potent against multiple myeloma in cell cultures. An efficient chemical synthesis and a lyophilization formulation of Imexon as a water soluble, injectible drug, were developed. In Phase I and I/II clinical trials Imexon showed hints of activity against a variety of tumors, but a randomized double-blind Phase II trial of Imexon plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine alone in pancreatic cancer showed no enhancement of activity above that of gemcitabine alone. This result was disappointing because in cell culture and mice the two compounds were synergistic. Based on a complete response in a Phase I trial, a new Phase II clinical trial of Imexon is underway in non-Hodgkins lymphoma.
Imexon activates an intrinsic apoptosis pathway in RPMI8226 myeloma cells
Anticancer Drugs 2002 Nov;13(10):1031-42.PMID:12439337DOI:10.1097/00001813-200211000-00007.
Imexon is a new antitumor agent with high activity in multiple myeloma. This drug induces apoptosis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial alterations. However, it was unknown whether Imexon activates an intrinsic apoptotic pathway that is associated with activation of caspase-9 or an extrinsic pathway that is induced by receptor-mediated signals such as Fas ligand characterized by caspase-8 activation. In addition, we wanted to investigate the effect of Imexon on Bcl-2 family proteins. In RPMI8226 myeloma cells, Imexon activated caspase-9 and -3 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, cleavage of procaspase-8 was observed late and only after exposure to very high concentrations of Imexon. Confocal microscopy confirmed that caspase-3 is also activated after treatment with Imexon. High Imexon concentrations activated caspase-3 and -9 at 12 h, while caspase-8 activation occurred only at 48 h. Imexon cytotoxicity was unchanged in three RPMI8226 cell lines with different levels (low, medium and high) of FAS expression. Similarly, the levels of Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-xL were unchanged in imexon-treated cells. However, Bcl-xL was translocated to the mitochondria. These data suggest that imexon-induced oxidation activates the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, involving cytochrome release and activation of caspase-9 and -3.
Imexon induces an oxidative endoplasmic reticulum stress response in pancreatic cancer cells
Mol Cancer Res 2012 Mar;10(3):392-400.PMID:22275514DOI:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-11-0359.
Oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) requires strict regulation of redox homeostasis. Disruption of the lumenal redox balance induces an integrated ER stress response that is associated with reduced protein translation, increased chaperone activity, and ultimately cell death. Imexon is a small-molecule chemotherapeutic agent that has been shown to bind glutathione (GSH) and induce oxidative stress in tumor cells; however, the mechanism of cytotoxicity is not well understood. In this report, we investigate the effects of Imexon on the integrated ER stress response in pancreatic carcinoma cells. Acute exposure to Imexon induces an ER stress response characterized by accumulation of the oxidized form of the oxidoreductase Ero1α, phosphorylation of eIF2α, and inhibition of protein synthesis. An RNA interference chemosensitization screen identified the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2B5 as a target that enhanced imexon-induced growth inhibition of MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells, but did not significantly augment the effects of Imexon on protein synthesis. Concurrent reduction of intracellular thiols with N-acetyl cysteine reversed Imexon activity, however cotreatment with superoxide scavengers had no effect, suggesting thiol binding may be a primary component of the oxidative effects of Imexon. Moreover, the data suggest that disruption of the redox balance in the ER is a potential therapeutic target.