Insulin(cattle) (Insulin from bovine pancreas)

Insulin is a hormonal protein consisting of two chains of 21 and 30 amino acids. Insulin acts on neurons and glial cells to regulate systemic glucose metabolism and feeding. Insulins(cattle) is a type of native insulins. Insulins(cattle) was used to treat patients presenting with diabetes mellitus^[1].

Insulin signaling is initiated by binding of insulin to the insulin receptor, activation of the protein tyrosine kinase domain and tyrosine autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor, and extensive tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, and phosphorylation of S473 in AKT^[2]

Injected mice with insulin (i.v., 0.5 IU/ kg−1 body weight) and assessed phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) immunoreactivity in tanycytes. These analyses revealed that insulin treatment robustly induced AKT phosphorylation in tanycytes of control mice, and that this activation was largely diminished in tanycytes of IR∆Tan mice(mice lacking insulin receptors in tanycytes)^[3]

References:
[1]. Adams GG, Meal A, Morgan PS, Alzahrani QE, Zobel H, Lithgo R, Kok MS, Besong DTM, Jiwani SI, Ballance S, Harding SE, Chayen N, Gillis RB. Characterisation of insulin analogues therapeutically available to patients. PLoS One. 2018 Mar 29;13(3):e0195010.
[2]. Brown M, Dainty S, et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress causes insulin resistance by inhibiting delivery of newly synthesized insulin receptors to the cell surface. Mol Biol Cell. 2020 Nov 1;31(23):2597-2629.
[3]. Porniece Kumar M, et al. Insulin signalling in tanycytes gates hypothalamic insulin uptake and regulation of AgRP neuron activity. Nat Metab. 2021 Dec;3(12):1662-1679.

胰岛素是一种由21个和30个氨基酸组成的激素蛋白质。它作用于神经元和胶质细胞,调节全身葡萄糖代谢和进食。牛源胰岛素是一种天然的胰岛素类型,曾被用来治疗糖尿病患者[1]。

胰岛素信号传导是由胰岛素与胰岛素受体结合开始的,激活蛋白酪氨酸激酶区域和胰岛素受体的酪氨酸自磷酸化,并广泛磷酸化胰岛素受体底物（IRS）蛋白以及AKT中S473的磷酸化。

将胰岛素注射到小鼠体内（静脉注射,剂量为每千克体重0.5国际单位）,并评估坦氏细胞中磷酸化AKT（pAKT）的免疫反应性。这些分析显示,胰岛素治疗显著诱导了对照小鼠坦氏细胞中的AKT磷酸化,并且在IR∆Tan小鼠（缺乏坦氏细胞中的胰岛素受体）的坦氏细胞中,这种激活大部分减弱了。^[3]