Linuron
(Synonyms: 利谷隆) 目录号 : GC63579
A phenylurea herbicide
Cas No.:330-55-2
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >98.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Linuron is a phenylurea herbicide.1 It inhibits the androgenic effect of dihydrotestosterone in MDA-kb2 breast cancer cells (IC20 = 1.74 ?M in a reporter assay). Linuron (100 mg/kg) inhibits testosterone-induced growth of the seminal vesicles, ventral prostate, and levator ani and bulbocavernosus muscles in castrated rats.2 Post-emergent application of linuron to carrots controls the growth of the weeds redroot pigweed and lambsquarters.3 Formulations containing linuron have been used as herbicides in agriculture.
1.Orton, F., Rosivatz, E., Scholze, M., et al.Widely used pesticides with previously unknown endocrine activity revealed as in vitro antiandrogensEnviron. Health Perspect.119(6)794-800(2011) 2.Lambright, C., Ostby, J., Bobseine, K., et al.Cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of linuron: An antiandrogenic herbicide that produces reproductive malformations in male ratsToxicol. Sci.56(2)389-399(2000) 3.Bellinder, R.R., Kirkwyland, J.J., and Wallace, R.W.Carrot (Daucus carota) and weed response to linuron and metribuzin applied at different crop stagesWeed Technol.11(2)235-240(1997)
| Cas No. | 330-55-2 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 利谷隆 | ||
| 分子式 | C9H10Cl2N2O2 | 分子量 | 249.09 |
| 溶解度 | DMSO : 100 mg/mL (401.46 mM; Need ultrasonic) | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 4.0146 mL | 20.0731 mL | 40.1461 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.8029 mL | 4.0146 mL | 8.0292 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.4015 mL | 2.0073 mL | 4.0146 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Environmental Control of Astrocyte Pathogenic Activities in CNS Inflammation
Cell 2019 Jan 24;176(3):581-596.e18.PMID:30661753DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.012.
Genome-wide studies have identified genetic variants linked to neurologic diseases. Environmental factors also play important roles, but no methods are available for their comprehensive investigation. We developed an approach that combines genomic data, screens in a novel zebrafish model, computational modeling, perturbation studies, and multiple sclerosis (MS) patient samples to evaluate the effects of environmental exposure on CNS inflammation. We found that the herbicide Linuron amplifies astrocyte pro-inflammatory activities by activating signaling via sigma receptor 1, inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α), and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Indeed, astrocyte-specific shRNA- and CRISPR/Cas9-driven gene inactivation combined with RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, ChIP-seq, and study of patient samples suggest that IRE1α-XBP1 signaling promotes CNS inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and, potentially, MS. In summary, these studies define environmental mechanisms that control astrocyte pathogenic activities and establish a multidisciplinary approach for the systematic investigation of the effects of environmental exposure in neurologic disorders.
Functional Redundancy of Linuron Degradation in Microbial Communities in Agricultural Soil and Biopurification Systems
Appl Environ Microbiol 2016 Apr 18;82(9):2843-2853.PMID:26944844DOI:10.1128/AEM.04018-15.
The abundance of libA, encoding a hydrolase that initiates Linuron degradation in the linuron-metabolizing Variovorax sp. strain SRS16, was previously found to correlate well with Linuron mineralization, but not in all tested environments. Recently, an alternative Linuron hydrolase, HylA, was identified in Variovorax sp. strain WDL1, a strain that initiates Linuron degradation in a linuron-mineralizing commensal bacterial consortium. The discovery of alternative Linuron hydrolases poses questions about the respective contribution and competitive character of hylA- and libA-carrying bacteria as well as the role of linuron-mineralizing consortia versus single strains in linuron-exposed settings. Therefore, dynamics of hylA as well as dcaQ as a marker for downstream catabolic functions involved in Linuron mineralization, in response to Linuron treatment in agricultural soil and on-farm biopurification systems (BPS), were compared with previously reported libA dynamics. The results suggest that (i) organisms containing either libA or hylA contribute simultaneously to Linuron biodegradation in the same environment, albeit to various extents, (ii) environmental Linuron mineralization depends on multispecies bacterial food webs, and (iii) initiation of Linuron mineralization can be governed by currently unidentified enzymes. Importance: A limited set of different isofunctional catabolic gene functions is known for the bacterial degradation of the phenylurea herbicide Linuron, but the role of this redundancy in Linuron degradation in environmental settings is not known. In this study, the simultaneous involvement of bacteria carrying one of two isofunctional Linuron hydrolysis genes in the degradation of Linuron was shown in agricultural soil and on-farm biopurification systems, as was the involvement of other bacterial populations that mineralize the downstream metabolites of Linuron hydrolysis. This study illustrates the importance of the synergistic metabolism of pesticides in environmental settings.
Difenoconazole and Linuron dissipation kinetics in carrots under open-field conditions
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019 Jan 30;168:479-485.PMID:30423512DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.070.
The dissipation of difenoconazole and Linuron using an open-field experimental approach with carrots exposed to one-, two- and fivefold the recommended dose of the pesticides was evaluated to provide safe recommendation to ensure food safety of carrots. The pesticide residue analysis was performed with solid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning technique (SLE/LTP) followed by gas chromatography analysis. The recovery percentages of extracts obtained from samples of carrot passed through SLE/LTP extraction and fortified with difenoconazole and Linuron pesticides varied from 93.4% to 106.3% and from 95.1% to 116.6%, respectively. The limit of detection for difenoconazole was 0.02 and 0.12 mg kg-1 for Linuron. The limit of quantification for difenoconazole was 0.05 and 0.36 mg kg-1 for Linuron. The degradation time for fifty percent of the applied pesticide at the different doses ranged from 2.4 to 3.6 days for difenoconazole and from 7.5 to 10.5 days for Linuron. At the end of the pre-harvest interval, carrots treated with fivefold the recommended dose of both pesticides were considered unfit for consumption. Despite monitoring the degradation products of the applied pesticides by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer, none degradation product was identified on the carrots.
Characterization of a Linuron-Specific Amidohydrolase from the Newly Isolated Bacterium Sphingobium sp. Strain SMB
J Agric Food Chem 2020 Apr 15;68(15):4335-4345.PMID:32207940DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00597.
The phenylurea herbicide Linuron is globally used and has caused considerable concern because it leads to environmental pollution. In this study, a highly efficient linuron-transforming strain Sphingobium sp. SMB was isolated, and a gene (lahB) responsible for the hydrolysis of Linuron to 3,4-dichloroaniline and N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine was cloned from the genome of strain SMB. The lahB gene encodes an amidohydrolase, which shares 20-53% identity with other biochemically characterized amidohydrolases, except for the newly reported Linuron hydrolase Phh (75%). The optimal conditions for the hydrolysis of Linuron by LahB were determined to be pH 7.0 and 30 °C, and the Km value of LahB for Linuron was 37.3 ± 1.2 μM. Although LahB and Phh shared relatively high identity, LahB exhibited a narrow substrate spectrum (specific for Linuron) compared to Phh (active for Linuron, diuron, chlortoluron, etc.). Sequence analysis and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Ala261 of Phh was the key amino acid residue affecting the substrate specificity. Our study provides a new amidohydrolase for the specific hydrolysis of Linuron.
Conformational analysis and concentration detection of Linuron: Spectroscopic NMR and SERS study
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021 Dec 15;263:120223.PMID:34329849DOI:10.1016/j.saa.2021.120223.
Linuron is a commonly used organic herbicide which is used in plant growth control. Due to its potential health concerns, the characterization and monitoring of Linuron have been a subject of several studies. In this work, we employed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Raman spectroscopic techniques supported with the density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the conformational behavior and electronic aspects of Linuron. The selective nuclear Overhauser effect (SelNOE) spectra confirmed that Linuron exists predominantly in the anti configuration and is facilitated with a weak intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the acidic amide proton and oxygen of methoxy moiety. Quantum chemical results showed that the corresponding syn form of the molecule is 8.5 kcal/mol less stable. Further, the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was implemented as a potential spectroscopic protocol for the concentration monitoring of trace Linuron. The Raman responses of four vibrational modes, namely CC stretching, CN stretching, N-H rocking and ring deformation, were successfully enhanced with an excellent linear concentration-intensity dependency. The aromatic CC stretching vibration at 1595 cm-1 in the Raman spectra has demonstrated the highest enhancement factor (6.5 × 104) and the lowest limit of detection (10-7 M). The interaction of Linuron with the gold nanocluster was simulated by establishing a simple DFT model which predicted that the most pronounced binding with the gold atom takes place at the benzene ring.