Lipopolysaccharides
(Synonyms: 脂多糖; LPS) 目录号 : GC65924Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 脂多糖是从革兰氏阴性菌外膜的外叶中提取的内毒素,由一个抗原 O- 特异性链、一个核心寡糖和脂质 A 构成。Lipopolysaccharides 是一种激活免疫系统的致病相关分子模式 (PAMP)。Lipopolysaccharides 激活免疫细胞的 TLR-4。 本产品来源于大肠杆菌 O55:B5。
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
Quality Control & SDS
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is an endotoxin derived from the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consists of an antigen O-specific chain, a core oligosaccharide and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides is a pathogenic associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that activates the immune system. Lipopolysaccharides activates TLR-4 on immune cells[1][2][3]. This product is derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5.
Lipopolysaccharides (10-80 μg/mL) selectively decreases THir (tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive) cells and increases culture media levels of interleukin1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as well as nitrite (an index of nitric oxide (NO) production)[4].
Lipopolysaccharides (1.5 mg/kg; i.p.; once) induces sickness and hypothermia in mice, and induces a greater and more prolonged sickness response in adult male mice[3].
Animal Model: | Female and male CD1 mice[3] |
Dosage: | 1.5mg/kg |
Administration: | Intraperitoneal injection, once |
Result: | Induced sickness behavior in all mice, but adult mice displayed more sickness than pubertal mice and adult males remained sick for a longer period of time than adult females. Caused a decrease in body temperature for all mice, but this decrease was greatest in adult males. Increased pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines at various levels in pubertal and adult male and female mice, resulted in age and sex differences in cytokine concentrations following immune challenge. Only adult males and females treated with LPS displayed significantly more IL-6 than their saline controls, and pubertal males and females and adult females displayed significantly more IL-10 than their saline controls. All the mice displayed significantly more IL-12 and TNF-α than their saline controls. |
Cas No. | SDF | Download SDF | |
别名 | 脂多糖; LPS | ||
分子式 | 分子量 | ||
溶解度 | H2O : 5 mg/mL (Need ultrasonic) | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C,protect from light |
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给药剂量 | mg/kg | 动物平均体重 | g | 每只动物给药体积 | ul | 动物数量 | 只 | |||
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工作液浓度: mg/ml;
DMSO母液配制方法: mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液(母液浓度 mg/mL,
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1. 首先保证母液是澄清的;
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入,进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液,可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
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Lipopolysaccharides in diazotrophic bacteria
Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014 Sep 3;4:119.PMID:25232535DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2014.00119.
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a process in which the atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is transformed into ammonia (NH3) by a select group of nitrogen-fixing organisms, or diazotrophic bacteria. In order to furnish the biologically useful nitrogen to plants, these bacteria must be in constant molecular communication with their host plants. Some of these molecular plant-microbe interactions are very specific, resulting in a symbiotic relationship between the diazotroph and the host. Others are found between associative diazotrophs and plants, resulting in plant infection and colonization of internal tissues. Independent of the type of ecological interaction, glycans, and glycoconjugates produced by these bacteria play an important role in the molecular communication prior and during colonization. Even though exopolysaccharides (EPS) and lipochitooligosaccharides (LCO) produced by diazotrophic bacteria and released onto the environment have their importance in the microbe-plant interaction, it is the Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), anchored on the external membrane of these bacteria, that mediates the direct contact of the diazotroph with the host cells. These molecules are extremely variable among the several species of nitrogen fixing-bacteria, and there are evidences of the mechanisms of infection being closely related to their structure.
Challenges of using Lipopolysaccharides for cancer immunotherapy and potential delivery-based solutions thereto
Ther Deliv 2019 Mar;10(3):165-187.PMID:30909855DOI:10.4155/tde-2018-0076.
Despite being one of the earliest Toll-like receptor (TLR)-based cancer immunotherapeutics discovered and investigated, the full extent of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) potentials within this arena remains hitherto unexploited. In this review, we will debate the challenges that have complicated the improvement of LPS-based immunotherapeutic approaches in cancer therapy. Based on their nature, those will be discussed with a focus on side effect-related, tolerance-related and in vivo model-related challenges. We will then explore how drug delivery strategies can be integrated within this domain to address such challenges in order to improve the therapeutic outcome, and will present a summary of the studies that have been dedicated thereto. This paper may inspire further developments based on reconciling the advantages of drug delivery and LPS-based cancer immunotherapy.
Biosynthesis and export of bacterial Lipopolysaccharides
Annu Rev Biochem 2014;83:99-128.PMID:24580642DOI:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060713-035600.
Lipopolysaccharide molecules represent a unique family of glycolipids based on a highly conserved lipid moiety known as lipid A. These molecules are produced by most gram-negative bacteria, in which they play important roles in the integrity of the outer-membrane permeability barrier and participate extensively in host-pathogen interplay. Few bacteria contain lipopolysaccharide molecules composed only of lipid A. In most forms, lipid A is glycosylated by addition of the core oligosaccharide that, in some bacteria, provides an attachment site for a long-chain O-antigenic polysaccharide. The complexity of lipopolysaccharide structures is reflected in the processes used for their biosynthesis and export. Rapid growth and cell division depend on the bacterial cell's capacity to synthesize and export lipopolysaccharide efficiently and in large amounts. We review recent advances in those processes, emphasizing the reactions that are essential for viability.
Structure and function of Lipopolysaccharides
Microbes Infect 2002 Jul;4(8):837-51.PMID:12270731DOI:10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01604-0.
The Lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria have a profound effect on the mammalian immune system and are of great significance in the pathophysiology of many disease processes. Consideration is given in this review to the relationship between structure and function of these Lipopolysaccharides.
Detection of Endotoxins: From Inferring the Responses of Biological Hosts to the Direct Chemical Analysis of Lipopolysaccharides
Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019;49(2):126-137.PMID:30821472DOI:10.1080/10408347.2018.1479958.
A significant portion of the scientific effort has been devoted to the detection of endotoxins in pharmaceutical solutions, as they pose major health threats as contaminants even in minute amounts. Conventional methods based on the biological response of endotoxins have been well-established, but as technology advances, many limitations surfaced in the recent years. As a result, information obtained by chemical analytical methods becomes valuable in crossvalidating these results. In addition to providing an overview on the main strategies for detecting the presence of endotoxins, the biological methods are compared with the chemical techniques. The review also investigates future advances aimed toward a more accurate, reliable, and convenient endotoxin test.