Monogalactosyl Diglyceride
(Synonyms: 单半乳糖甘油二酯) 目录号 : GC44242A glycerolipid
Cas No.:41670-62-6
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >95.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Monogalactosyl diglyceride is a minor galactolipid present in oligodendrocytes and myelin, as well as comprises a major fraction of the lipids in photosynthesizing plants and green microorganisms. [1][2] It is used as a marker for myelination and has also been shown to stimulate PKCα activity in oligodendrocytes. [2]
Reference:
[1]. Schmidt-Schultz, T., and Althaus, H.H. Monogalactosyl diglyceride, a marker for myelination, activates oligodendroglial protein kinase C. Journal of Neurochemistry 62(4), 1578-1585 (1994).
[2]. Rosenberg, A., Gouaux, J., and Milch, P. Monogalactosyl and digalactosyl diglycerides from heterotrophic, hetero-autotrophic, and photobiotic Euglena gracilis. Journal of Lipid Research 7(6), 733-738 (1996).
| Cas No. | 41670-62-6 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 单半乳糖甘油二酯 | ||
| 化学名 | 2,3-bis[(1-oxooctadecyl)oxy]propyl-β-D-galactopyranoside | ||
| Canonical SMILES | O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](OCC(OC(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)=O)COC(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)=O)O[C@@H]1CO | ||
| 分子式 | C45H86O10 | 分子量 | 787.2 |
| 溶解度 | Chloroform:Methanol (1:1): 10 mg/ml | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 1.2703 mL | 6.3516 mL | 12.7033 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.2541 mL | 1.2703 mL | 2.5407 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.127 mL | 0.6352 mL | 1.2703 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Degradation of Monogalactosyl Diglyceride and digalactosyl diglyceride by sheep pancreatic enzymes
Biochem J 1974 Nov;144(2):177-87.PMID:4462578DOI:10.1042/bj1440177.
1. Saline extract of sheep pancreas acetone-dried powder was shown to catalyse acyl ester hydrolysis of spinach leaf galactosyl diglycerides and also galactosylglucosyl diglyceride of Lactobacillus casei. 2. Sodium deoxycholate stimulated the enzyme activity. Ca(2+) had no effect on the hydrolysis of Monogalactosyl Diglyceride, but it enhanced that of digalactosyl diglyceride. When added together, there was considerably less activity with both the substrates. 3. Optimal hydrolysis was observed at pH7.2. 4. The initial point of hydrolysis was at position-1, leading to the formation of monogalactosyl monoglyceride and digalactosyl monoglyceride. Further hydrolysis to the corresponding galactosylglycerols and later to galactose and glycerol was also observed, indicating the presence of alpha- and beta-galactosidases in the enzyme preparation. 5. Formation of Monogalactosyl Diglyceride from digalactosyl diglyceride by the action of alpha-galactosidase was noted. 6. Monogalactosyl Diglyceride was also hydrolysed by beta-galactosidase to a limited extent, giving rise to diacylglycerol and galactose. 7. Attempts at purification of Monogalactosyl Diglyceride acyl hydrolase by using protamine sulphate treatment, Sephadex G-100 filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography gave a partially purified enzyme which showed 9- and 81-fold higher specific activity towards Monogalactosyl Diglyceride and digalactosyl diglyceride respectively. This still showed acyl ester hydrolysis activity towards methyl oleate, phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol. 8. When sheep, rat and guinea-pig tissues were compared, guinea-pig tissues showed the highest activity towards both Monogalactosyl Diglyceride and digalactosyl diglyceride. In all the species pancreas showed higher activity than intestine.
Monogalactosyl Diglyceride, a marker for myelination, activates oligodendroglial protein kinase C
J Neurochem 1994 Apr;62(4):1578-85.PMID:8133286DOI:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62041578.x.
Protein kinase C (PKC) is activated by 1,2-sn-diacylglycerol (DAG), the source of which can either be phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate or phosphatidylcholine. Here, we show that Monogalactosyl Diglyceride (MGDG), a minor galactolipid present in oligodendrocytes (OLs) and myelin, which is designated as a marker for myelination, can enhance OL PKC activity. Based on different calcium and substrate requirements we conclude that MGDG and DAG activate different isoforms of PKC group A: MGDG primarily stimulates PKC-alpha, and DAG primarily activates PKC-gamma. The presence of these PKC isoforms in OLs was confirmed by western blotting, whereas PKC-beta was only weakly stained, if at all. Addition of MGDG to the culture medium provided a higher density of regenerating OL fibers, which was not observed when membrane-permeable DAG was used. These findings indicate that MGDG can modulate the OL PKC activity and that PKC-alpha is the major PKC isoform involved in OL process formation.
Effect of carotenoids and Monogalactosyl Diglyceride on bacteriochlorophyll c aggregates in aqueous buffer: implications for the self-assembly of chlorosomes
Photochem Photobiol 2004 Nov-Dec;80(3):572-8.PMID:15623345DOI:10.1562/0031-8655(2004)080<0572:EOCAMD>2.0.CO;2.
Aggregation of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c from chlorosomes, the main light-harvesting complex of green bacteria, has been studied in aqueous buffer. Unlike other chlorophyll-like molecules, BChl c is rather soluble in aqueous buffer, forming dimers. When BChl c is mixed with carotenoids (Car), the BChl c Qy transition is further redshifted, in respect to that of monomers and dimers. The results suggest that Car are incorporated in the aggregates and induce further aggregation of BChl c. The redshift of the BChl c Qy band is proportional to the Car concentration. In contrast, the mixture of bacteriochlorophyllide (BChlide) c, which lacks the nonpolar esterifying alcohol, does not form aggregates with Car in aqueous buffer or nonpolar solvents. Instead, the position of the BChlide c Qy transition remains unshifted in respect to that of the monomeric molecule, and Car precipitates with the course of time in aqueous buffer. Similar effects on both BChl c and BChlide c are also observed when Monogalactosyl Diglyceride (MGDG), which forms the monolayer envelope of chlorosomes, is used instead of (or together with) Car. The results show that the hydrophobic interactions of the BChl c esterifying alcohols with themselves and the nonpolar carbon skeleton of Car, or the fatty acid tails of MGDG, are essential driving forces for BChl aggregation in chlorosomes.
Structure of the plant photosystem I
Biochem Soc Trans 2018 Apr 17;46(2):285-294.PMID:29487228DOI:10.1042/BST20170299.
Plant photosystem I (PSI) is one of the most intricate membrane complexes in nature. It comprises two complexes, a reaction center and light-harvesting complex (LHC), which together form the PSI-LHC supercomplex. The crystal structure of plant PSI was solved with two distinct crystal forms. The first, crystallized at pH 6.5, exhibited P21 symmetry; the second, crystallized at pH 8.5, exhibited P212121 symmetry. The surfaces involved in binding plastocyanin and ferredoxin are identical in both forms. The crystal structure at 2.6 Å resolution revealed 16 subunits, 45 transmembrane helices, and 232 prosthetic groups, including 143 chlorophyll a, 13 chlorophyll b, 27 β-carotene, 7 lutein, 2 xanthophyll, 1 zeaxanthin, 20 Monogalactosyl Diglyceride, 7 phosphatidyl diglyceride, 5 digalactosyl diglyceride, 2 calcium ions, 2 phylloquinone, and 3 iron sulfur clusters. The model reveals detailed interactions, providing mechanisms for excitation energy transfer and its modulation in one of nature's most efficient photochemical machine.
Continuous measurement of galactolipid hydrolysis by pancreatic lipolytic enzymes using the pH-stat technique and a medium chain Monogalactosyl Diglyceride as substrate
Biochim Biophys Acta 2009 Oct;1791(10):983-90.PMID:19447192DOI:10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.05.002.
Galactolipids are the main lipids from plants and galactolipases play a major role in their metabolism. These enzymes were however poorly studied so far and only few assays have been developed. A specific and continuous galactolipase assay using synthetic medium chain monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) as substrate was developed using the pH-stat technique and recombinant human (rHPLRP2) and guinea pig (rGPLRP2) pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 as model enzymes. PLRP2s are the main enzymes involved in the digestion of galactolipids in the gastrointestinal tract. Monogalactosyl di-octanoylglycerol was mixed with bile salt solutions by sonication to form a micellar substrate before launching the assay. The nature of the bile salt and the bile salt to MGDG ratio were found to significantly affect the rate of MGDG hydrolysis by rHPLRP2 and rGPLRP2. The maximum galactolipase activity of both enzymes was recorded with sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) and at a NaDC to MGDG ratio of 1.33 and at basic pH values (8.0-9.0). The maximum rates of hydrolysis were obtained using a MGDG concentration of 10(-2) M and calcium chloride was found to be not necessary to obtain the maximum of activity. Under these conditions, the maximum turnovers of rGPLRP2 and rHPLRP2 on mixed NaDC/MGDG micelles were found to be 8000+/-500 and 2800+/-60 micromol/min/mg (U/mg), respectively. These activities are in the same order of magnitude as the activities on triglycerides of lipases and they are the highest specific activities ever reported for galactolipases. For the sake of comparison, the hydrolysis of mixed bile salt/MGDG micelles was also tested using other pancreatic lipolytic enzymes and only native and recombinant human carboxyl ester hydrolase were found to display significant but lower activities (240+/-17 and 432+/-62 U/mg, respectively) on MGDG.