Nodularin
(Synonyms: 节球毒素) 目录号 : GC44436A potent protein phosphatase inhibitor
Cas No.:118399-22-7
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >95.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
The cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena often contaminates the drinking water of rural communities in developing countries and accumulates in mussels, flounder, and cod from the northern Baltic Sea. Nodularin is a hepatotoxic monocylic pentapeptide produced by the N. spumigena. It is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase types 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A), exhibiting IC50 values of 1.8 and 0.026 nM, respectively. PP2B is inhibited to a lesser extent with an IC50 of 1.8 µM. No apparent inhibitory effect is observed with PP2C, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, protein kinase A, phosphorylase kinase, or protein kinase C.
| Cas No. | 118399-22-7 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 节球毒素 | ||
| Canonical SMILES | CC(/C=C/[C@@]([H])(NC([C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC([C@H](C)[C@@H](C(O)=O)NC/1=O)=O)=O)[C@@H](C)C(N[C@H](C(O)=O)CCC(N(C)C1=C/C)=O)=O)=C\[C@H]([C@@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)OC)C | ||
| 分子式 | C41H60N8O10 | 分子量 | 825 |
| 溶解度 | DMSO: 10 mg/ml,Ethanol: 10 mg/ml,Methanol:Water (1:1): 1 mg/ml | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 1.2121 mL | 6.0606 mL | 12.1212 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.2424 mL | 1.2121 mL | 2.4242 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.1212 mL | 0.6061 mL | 1.2121 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Toxicopathology induced by microcystins and Nodularin: a histopathological review
J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 2015;33(2):125-67.PMID:26023756DOI:10.1080/10590501.2015.1003000.
Cyanobacteria are present in all aquatic ecosystems throughout the world. They are able to produce toxic secondary metabolites, and microcystins are those most frequently found. Research has displayed a negative influence of microcystins and closely related Nodularin on fish, and various histopathological alterations have been observed in many organs of the exposed fish. The aim of this article is to summarize the present knowledge of the impact of microcystins and Nodularin on the histology of fish. The observed negative effects of cyanotoxins indicate that cyanobacteria and their toxins are a relevant medical (due to irritation, acute poisoning, tumor promotion, and carcinogenesis), ecotoxicological, and economic problem that may affect both fish and fish consumers including humans.
Tumor promoters--microcystin-LR, Nodularin and TNF-α and human cancer development
Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011 Jan;11(1):4-18.PMID:21269254DOI:10.2174/187152011794941163.
Microcystin-LR and Nodularin, along with okadaic acid, are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A). The mechanisms of action of microcystin-LR and Nodularin in the liver and that of okadaic acid, a potent tumor promoter on mouse skin, have attracted the attention of the scientists. This paper reviews several topics: new inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A with new chemical structures, structure-function relationships for both receptor binding and inhibition of protein phosphatases, the crystal structure of PP1 or PP2A-toxin complex, induction of gene expression and apoptosis. These subjects were studied by using in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Two-stage carcinogenesis experiments with microcystin-LR and Nodularin for the first time demonstrated that microcystin-LR is a new tumor promoter in rat liver initiated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and that Nodularin is a potent tumor promoter associated with weak initiating activity in rat liver initiated with DEN. A working group of WHO (IARC) concluded that microcystin-LR is "possibly carcinogenic to humans" and that Nodularin is "not classifiable as to carcinogenicity". Our studies revealed that chemical tumor promoters are inducers of TNF-α in the cells of target tissues and that TNF-α is an endogenous tumor promoter. This advance in carcinogenesis made it possible to look for the link between chemical tumor promoters and endogenous tumor promoters, such as TNF-α and IL-1. The carcinogenic features of TNF-α are described in this review, and the TNF-α inducing protein (Tipα) of Helicobacter pylori genome is presented as an example of a tumor promoter of human stomach cancer development.
Detection and Characterization of Nodularin by Using Label-Free Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopic Techniques
Int J Mol Sci 2022 Dec 12;23(24):15741.PMID:36555384DOI:10.3390/ijms232415741.
Nodularin (NOD) is a potent toxin produced by Nodularia spumigena cyanobacteria. Usually, NOD co-exists with other microcystins in environmental waters, a class of cyanotoxins secreted by certain cyanobacteria species, which makes identification difficult in the case of mixed toxins. Herein we report a complete theoretical DFT-vibrational Raman characterization of NOD along with the experimental drop-coating deposition Raman (DCDR) technique. In addition, we used the vibrational characterization to probe SERS analysis of NOD using colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), commercial nanopatterned substrates with periodic inverted pyramids (KlariteTM substrate), hydrophobic Tienta® SpecTrimTM slides, and in-house fabricated periodic nanotrenches by nanoimprint lithography (NIL). The 532 nm excitation source provided more well-defined bands even at LOD levels, as well as the best performance in terms of SERS intensity. This was reflected by the results obtained with the KlariteTM substrate and the silver-based colloidal system, which were the most promising detection approaches, providing the lowest limits of detection. A detection limit of 8.4 × 10-8 M was achieved for NOD in solution by using AgNPs. Theoretical computation of the complex vibrational modes of NOD was used for the first time to unambiguously assign all the specific vibrational Raman bands.
First report of a toxic Nodularia spumigena (Nostocales/ Cyanobacteria) bloom in sub-tropical Australia. II. Bioaccumulation of Nodularin in isolated populations of mullet (Mugilidae)
Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012 Jul;9(7):2412-43.PMID:22851952DOI:10.3390/ijerph9072412.
Fish collected after a mass mortality at an artificial lake in south-east Queensland, Australia, were examined for the presence of Nodularin as the lake had earlier been affected by a Nodularia bloom. Methanol extracts of muscle, liver, peritoneal and stomach contents were analysed by HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry; histological examination was conducted on livers from captured mullet. Livers of sea mullet (Mugil cephalus) involved in the fish kill contained high concentrations of Nodularin (median 43.6 mg/kg, range 40.8-47.8 mg/kg dry weight; n = 3) and the toxin was also present in muscle tissue (median 44.0 μg/kg, range 32.3-56.8 μg/kg dry weight). Livers of fish occupying higher trophic levels accumulated much lower concentrations. Mullet captured from the lake 10 months later were also found to have high hepatic Nodularin levels. DNA sequencing of mullet specimens revealed two species inhabiting the study lake: M. cephalus and an unidentified mugilid. The two mullet species appear to differ in their exposure and/or uptake of Nodularin, with M. cephalus demonstrating higher tissue concentrations. The feeding ecology of mullet would appear to explain the unusual capacity of these fish to concentrate Nodularin in their livers; these findings may have public health implications for mullet fisheries and aquaculture production where toxic cyanobacteria blooms affect source waters. This report incorporates a systematic review of the literature on Nodularin measured in edible fish, shellfish and crustaceans.
On the chemistry, toxicology and genetics of the cyanobacterial toxins, microcystin, Nodularin, saxitoxin and cylindrospermopsin
Mar Drugs 2010 May 10;8(5):1650-80.PMID:20559491DOI:10.3390/md8051650.
The cyanobacteria or "blue-green algae", as they are commonly termed, comprise a diverse group of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria that inhabit a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial environments, and display incredible morphological diversity. Many aquatic, bloom-forming species of cyanobacteria are capable of producing biologically active secondary metabolites, which are highly toxic to humans and other animals. From a toxicological viewpoint, the cyanotoxins span four major classes: the neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, and dermatoxins (irritant toxins). However, structurally they are quite diverse. Over the past decade, the biosynthesis pathways of the four major cyanotoxins: microcystin, Nodularin, saxitoxin and cylindrospermopsin, have been genetically and biochemically elucidated. This review provides an overview of these biosynthesis pathways and additionally summarizes the chemistry and toxicology of these remarkable secondary metabolites.