Pexacerfont (BMS-562086)
(Synonyms: 8-(6-甲氧基-2-甲基-3-吡啶基)-2,7-二甲基-N-[(1R)-1-甲基丙基]吡唑并[1,5-A]-1,3,5-三嗪-4-胺,BMS-562086) 目录号 : GC33712
A CRF1 antagonist
Cas No.:459856-18-9
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >99.50%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Cell experiment: | Caco-2 cells at passage 50 to 60 are seeded on polycarbonate membranes of 24 well Transwell plates at a density of 60,000 cells/cm2. The cells are cultured for 21 to 25 days in culture medium consisting of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.5 mM HEPES, 1% nonessential amino acids, 1% L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin-G, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin. Before the permeability studies, apical (AP) and basolateral (BL) media are replaced with transport buffer (Hanks' balanced salt solution supplemented with 2% N, N-dimethylacetamide, pH 7.4). AP to BL permeability study is initiated by replacing the AP medium with the transport buffer containing 25 μM BMS-562086. All permeability experiments are performed at 37°C.Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values are measured to assess cell monolayer integrity. TEER values are obtained both at the beginning and at the end of each experiment. Only wells with TEER values between 400 and 500 Ω/cm2 throughout the experiment are used in the studies. Mannitol (25 or 100 μM) transport experiments are performed in the same manner as other transport experiments. Mannitol served as a probe of the Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity[1]. |
Animal experiment: | Rats[1] One group of male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=3, 0.34-0.35 kg b.wt.) instrumented with single jugular vein cannulas are designated for oral administration, and a second group of male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=3, 0.34-0.35 kg b.wt.) instrumented with dual jugular vein cannulas are designated for intravenous administration. All rats are fasted for approximately 18 h before use and for 4 h after dosing. Water is provided ad libitum. Pexacerfont (BMS-562086) is administered orally by gavage to three rats at a single dose of 5 mg/kg in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose. A single intravenous bolus dose of Pexacerfont is administered to three rats at 1 mg/kg in 20% ethanol in saline via the jugular vein cannula. Blood samples (0.2 mL/time point per animal) are collected via the jugular vein cannula for analysis of Pexacerfont at 0, 0.08 (intravenous dose only), 0.17 (intravenous dose only), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postdose. Plasma is prepared from the blood samples by centrifuging for 10 min at 1000g and 5°C. |
References: [1]. Zhou L, et al. In vitro and in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetics of BMS-562086, a potent and orally bioavailable corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonist. Drug Metab Dispos. 2012 Jun;40(6):1093-103. | |
Pexacerfont is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1; IC50 = 6.1 nM for the human receptor).1 It is selective for CRF1 in IMR-32 cells (mean IC50 = 10.6 nM) over CFR2β receptors endogenously expressed in pig choroid plexus membranes (IC50 = >1,000 nM) in radioligand binding assays and does not bind to the human CRF binding protein (IC50 = >1,000 nM). Pexacerfont inhibits adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release induced by CRF in primary rat pituitary cells with an IC50 value of 129 nM. It increases the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze (EPM) in rats, indicating anxiolytic-like activity, when administered at doses ranging from 10 to 30 mg/kg.
1.Gilligan, P.J., Clarke, T., He, L., et al.Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: Potent, orally bioavailable corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) antagonistsJ. Med. Chem.52(9)3084-3092(2009)
| Cas No. | 459856-18-9 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 8-(6-甲氧基-2-甲基-3-吡啶基)-2,7-二甲基-N-[(1R)-1-甲基丙基]吡唑并[1,5-A]-1,3,5-三嗪-4-胺,BMS-562086 | ||
| Canonical SMILES | CC[C@H](NC1=NC(C)=NC2=C(C3=CC=C(OC)N=C3C)C(C)=NN21)C | ||
| 分子式 | C18H24N6O | 分子量 | 340.42 |
| 溶解度 | DMSO: 100 mg/mL (293.75 mM) | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 2.9375 mL | 14.6877 mL | 29.3755 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.5875 mL | 2.9375 mL | 5.8751 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.2938 mL | 1.4688 mL | 2.9375 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
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计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
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Pharmacological Treatment of Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Dependence: A Systematic Review
CNS Drugs 2020 Apr;34(4):337-365.PMID:32185696DOI:10.1007/s40263-020-00711-x.
Background: Stimulant drugs are second only to cannabis as the most widely used class of illicit drug globally, accounting for 68 million past-year consumers. Dependence on amphetamines (AMPH) or methamphetamine (MA) is a growing global concern. Yet, there is no established pharmacotherapy for AMPH/MA dependence. A comprehensive assessment of the research literature on pharmacotherapy for AMPH/MA dependence may inform treatment guidelines and future research directions. Methods: We systematically reviewed the peer-reviewed literature via the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and SCOPUS for randomised controlled trials reported in the English language examining a pharmacological treatment for AMPH/MA dependence or use disorder. We included all studies published to 19 June 2019. The selected studies were evaluated for design; methodology; inclusion and exclusion criteria; sample size; pharmacological and (if included) psychosocial interventions; length of follow-up and follow-up schedules; outcome variables and measures; results; overall conclusions and risk of bias. Outcome measures were any reported impact of treatment related to AMPH/MA use. Results: Our search returned 43 studies that met our criteria, collectively enrolling 4065 participants and reporting on 23 individual pharmacotherapies, alone or in combination. Disparate outcomes and measures (n = 55 for the primary outcomes) across studies did not allow for meta-analyses. Some studies demonstrated mixed or weak positive signals (often in defined populations, e.g. men who have sex with men), with some variation in efficacy signals dependent on baseline frequency of AMPH/MA use. The most consistent positive findings have been demonstrated with stimulant agonist treatment (dexamphetamine and methylphenidate), naltrexone and topiramate. Less consistent benefits have been shown with the antidepressants bupropion and mirtazapine, the glutamatergic agent riluzole and the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF-1) antagonist Pexacerfont; whilst in general, antidepressant medications (e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs], tricyclic antidepressants [TCAs]) have not been effective in reducing AMPH/MA use. Conclusions: No pharmacotherapy yielded convincing results for the treatment of AMPH/MA dependence; mostly studies were underpowered and had low treatment completion rates. However, there were positive signals from several agents that warrant further investigation in larger scale studies; agonist therapies show promise. Common outcome measures should include change in use days. Future research must address the heterogeneity of AMPH/MA dependence (e.g. coexisting conditions, severity of disorder, differences between MA and AMPH dependence) and the role of psychosocial intervention.
In vitro and in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetics of BMS-562086, a potent and orally bioavailable corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonist
Drug Metab Dispos 2012 Jun;40(6):1093-103.PMID:22381334DOI:10.1124/dmd.111.043596.
The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of BMS-562086 [Pexacerfont; 8-(6-methoxy-2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2,7-dimethyl-N-[(1R)-1-methylpropyl]pyrazolo(1,5-a)-1,3,5-triazin-4-amine (DPC-A69448)] were investigated in vitro and in animals to support its clinical development. BMS-562086 was orally bioavailable in rats, dogs, and chimpanzees, with an absolute oral bioavailability of 40.1, 58.8, and 58.5%, respectively. BMS-562086 was extensively metabolized in hepatocytes from all species and completely metabolized in rats. The primary biotransformation pathways found for BMS-562086 in both liver microsomal and hepatocyte preparations and in rats were similar. These included O-demethylation, hydroxylation at the N-alkyl side chain and N-dealkylation. Multiple cytochromes P450 including CYP3A4/5 were involved in the metabolic clearance of BMS-562086. Both renal and biliary excretion played a significant role in elimination of the metabolites of BMS-562086. The involvement of other metabolic enzymes in addition to CYP3A4/5 in elimination of BMS-562086 suggests a reduced potential for drug-drug interaction through modulation of CYP3A4/5. Chimpanzees proved to be a good animal model in predicting BMS-562086 human clearance. Virtual clinical trials performed with a population-based ADME simulator suggested that a minimal dose of 100 mg daily would provide sufficient drug exposure to achieve plasma concentrations above the projected human efficacious plasma concentration of BMS-562086 (> 500 nM). In summary, BMS-562086 exhibited favorable ADME and pharmacokinetic properties for further development.
Behavioral, biological, and chemical perspectives on targeting CRF(1) receptor antagonists to treat alcoholism
Drug Alcohol Depend 2013 Mar 1;128(3):175-86.PMID:23294766DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.017.
Background: Alcohol use disorders are chronic disabling conditions for which existing pharmacotherapies have only modest efficacy. In the present review, derived from the 2012 Behavior, Biology and Chemistry "Translational Research in Addiction" symposium, we summarize the anti-relapse potential of corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 (CRF(1)) receptor antagonists to reduce negative emotional symptoms of acute and protracted alcohol withdrawal and stress-induced relapse to alcohol seeking. Methods: We review the biology of CRF(1) systems, the activity of CRF(1) receptor antagonists in animal models of anxiolytic and antidepressant activity, and experimental findings in alcohol addiction models. We also update the clinical trial status of CRF(1) receptor antagonists, including Pexacerfont (BMS-562086), emicerfont (GW876008), verucerfont (GSK561679), CP316311, SSR125543A, R121919/NBI30775, R317573/19567470/CRA5626, and ONO-2333Ms. Finally, we discuss the potential heterogeneity and pharmacogenomics of CRF(1) receptor pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence. Results: The evidence suggests that brain penetrant-CRF(1) receptor antagonists have therapeutic potential for alcohol dependence. Lead compounds with clinically desirable pharmacokinetic properties now exist, and longer receptor residence rates (i.e., slow dissociation) may predict greater CRF(1) receptor antagonist efficacy. Functional variants in genes that encode CRF system molecules, including polymorphisms in Crhr1 (rs110402, rs1876831, rs242938) and Crhbp genes (rs10055255, rs3811939) may promote alcohol seeking and consumption by altering basal or stress-induced CRF system activation. Conclusions: Ongoing clinical trials with pexacerfont and verucerfont in moderately to highly severe dependent anxious alcoholics may yield insight as to the role of CRF(1) receptor antagonists in a personalized medicine approach to treat drug or alcohol dependence.
Current Intervention Treatments for Food Addiction: A Systematic Review
Behav Sci (Basel) 2021 May 23;11(6):80.PMID:34071059DOI:10.3390/bs11060080.
Research on the concept of food addiction (FA) has steadily grown and, based on a widely used self-report, FA is estimated to affect between 16-20% of the adult population. However, there are few interventions available for people with self-reported FA, and their efficacy is unclear. The primary aim of the review was to examine the efficacy of different interventions, including behavioural/lifestyle, medication and surgical approaches, for reducing symptoms and/or changing diagnosis of FA among adolescents and adults. A secondary aim was to examine the influence of sex as a moderator of intervention effects. A systematic search was performed from 2008-2020 to identify studies that used the YFAS to assess the effectiveness of interventions on FA. Nine studies were identified (n = 7 adults, n = 2 adolescents) including a total of 812 participants (range 22-256) with an average of 69% females per study. The types of interventions included medications (n = 3), lifestyle modification (n = 3), surgical (n = 2) and behavioural (n = 1), with FA being assessed as a secondary outcome in all studies. Five studies in adults reported a significant reduction in FA symptoms or diagnosis from pre to post-intervention, two when compared to a control group and three in the intervention group only. Efficacious interventions included: medication (combination of naltrexone and bupropion, as well as Pexacerfont), bariatric surgery and lifestyle modification. No significant changes in FA were reported in adolescent studies. Given few studies were identified by the review, there is insufficient evidence to provide clear recommendations for practice; however, some interventions show potential for reducing self-reported FA outcomes in adults. Future research should explore the longer-term efficacy of interventions and the effectiveness of treatments with sufficient sample sizes.
T4-mediated rescue of aortic malformations in hypothyroid rats indicates maternal thyroid status can affect great vessel development
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021 Jan 15;411:115367.PMID:33340518DOI:10.1016/j.taap.2020.115367.
Pexacerfont is a corticotrophin-releasing factor subtype 1 receptor (CRF-1) antagonist developed for potential treatment of anxiety and stress-related disorders. In male rats, Pexacerfont caused hepatic enzyme induction leading to increased thyroxine (T4) clearance. When administered to pregnant rats on gestation day 6 to 15, Pexacerfont at 300 mg/kg/day (30× mean AUC in humans at 100 mg/day) produced similar effects on thyroid homeostasis with serum T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels that were 0.3-0.5× and 3.3-3.7× of controls, respectively. At this dose, fetuses of pexacerfont-treated dams presented findings associated with maternal hypothyroidism including growth retardation and increased skeletal alterations. Additionally, there were unexpected great vessel malformations that were mostly derived from the 4th pharyngeal arch artery in 5 (4.3%) fetuses from 3 (15.8%) litters. The etiology was unclear whether the vascular malformations were related to insufficient thyroid hormones or another mechanism. To better understand this relationship, pregnant rats were implanted with a subcutaneous L-thyroxine pellet designed to provide a sustained release of T4 throughout organogenesis in rat embryos (GD 6 to 15; the dosing period of Pexacerfont). T4 supplementation produced a near euthyroid state in pexacerfont-treated dams and completely prevented the fetal vascular malformations. These results suggest maternal T4 levels during organogenesis may have a role in great vessel morphogenesis associated with patterning and/or regression of pharyngeal arch arteries. Although previous clinical reports have speculated a potential relationship between thyroid hormone homeostasis and early cardiovascular development, this is the first report to experimentally demonstrate this relationship in great vessel morphogenesis.