Propoxur
(Synonyms: 残杀威) 目录号 : GC32248
A carbamate insecticide
Cas No.:114-26-1
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >99.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Propoxur is a carbamate insecticide and an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase.1 It is lethal to German cockroaches (B. germanica) with LD50 values of 2.45, 4.73, and 1.06 μg per insect for newly emerged males, newly emerged females, and 4-week-old nymphs, respectively. Propoxur induces lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from and inhibits the growth of flounder gill cells (IC50s = 86.59 and 89.96 μg/ml, respectively) via induction of necrosis.2 It also induces yolk sac and pericardial edema in zebrafish embryos when used at concentrations of 100 and 200 μg/ml. Propoxur (8.3 mg/kg) inhibits rat blood and brain cholinesterase, decreases ambulation and rearing in an open field test, and increases latency to escape foot shock after an audio stimulus in the two-way active avoidance box in rats.3
1.Qian, K., Wei, X., Zeng, X., et al.Stage-dependent tolerance of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica for dichlorvos and propoxuJ. Insect Sci.10(1)201(2010) 2.Pandey, M.R., and Guo, H.Evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and embryotoxicity of insecticide propoxur using flounder gill (FG) cells and zebrafish embryosToxicol. In Vitro28(3)340-353(2014) 3.Thiesen, F.V., Barros, H.M.T., Tannhauser, M., et al.Behavioral changes and cholinesterase activity of rats acutely treated with propoxurJpn. J. Pharmacol.79(1)25-31(1999)
| Cas No. | 114-26-1 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 残杀威 | ||
| Canonical SMILES | CC(C)OC1=CC=CC=C1OC(NC)=O | ||
| 分子式 | C11H15NO3 | 分子量 | 209.24 |
| 溶解度 | DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (477.92 mM) | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 4.7792 mL | 23.896 mL | 47.792 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.9558 mL | 4.7792 mL | 9.5584 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.4779 mL | 2.3896 mL | 4.7792 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Propoxur: a novel mechanism for insecticidal action and toxicity
Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2012;218:141-50.PMID:22488607DOI:10.1007/978-1-4614-3137-4_4.
Propoxur is a carbamate insecticide that has recently attracted considerable attention as a possible treatment option for addressing the bedbug epidemic. The generally accepted mechanism of toxicity for Propoxur involves the inhibition of ChE, as is the case for many agents in the category. Considerable research supports the concept that most physiologically active substances induce their effects through multi-faceted action. In this review, we provide evidence that ET--ROS--OS participate mechanistically in both the action and in human toxicity of pesticides, including Propoxur. Propoxur is a catechol derivative that contains carbamate and isopropyl groups on the oxygens in its moiety. Metabolic studies with Propoxur reveal hydrolysis of the carbamate and dealkylation of the isopropyl group to yield the parent catechol. In addition, nuclear hydroxylation produces a hydroquinone derivative. Both the catechol and this hydroquinone derivative are potentially able to undergo redox cycling with the corresponding quinone to produce ROS. It is primarily for these reasons that we believe Propoxur may be similar to other classes of physiologically active compounds in producing effects through ET-ROS-OS. Generally, reactive ROS are generated by metabolic processes that yield ET entities, and this occurs with Propoxur as well. Although ROS are commonly associated with toxicity, there is little recognition in the literature that they can also play a role in therapeutic action.
Propoxur (PPx) exposure as hormonal disruptor and spermatocidal in rat model
Morphologie 2022 Feb;106(352):23-27.PMID:33678514DOI:10.1016/j.morpho.2021.02.002.
Background: Propoxur is a carbamate insecticide widely used both in indoor and outdoor place to control insects. This present work was conducted to study the effect of exposure of Propoxur (PPX) on hormonal and histological changes in the rat testes. Methods: The control animals received distil water, while the treated animals received Propoxur (PPx) by inhalation every other day for one month (PPx-1) and two months (PPx-2) respectively. The animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation; blood sample was obtained for reproductive hormonal assay and the testes were excised following abdominal incision fixed in Bouin's fluid for histological observations. Results: Significant decrease in the level of testosterone (TT) and increase in follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) were observed in PPX treated groups alongside with the degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules, complete loss of spermatogonia population, and the testicular basal membrane. There was no reversal of destruction 30 days after withdrawal of the insecticide, indicating a persistent effect. Conclusion: The exposure to PPX insecticide has obvious deleterious effects on rat testicular micro-structure and reproductive hormones, Therefore, inhalation of such insecticide should be limited with special care in handling to limit or minimize its hazards.
Reasoned opinion on the toxicological properties and maximum residue levels for Propoxur
EFSA J 2021 Jan 18;19(1):e06374.PMID:33488813DOI:10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6374.
In accordance with Article 43 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the European Commission requested EFSA to prepare a reasoned opinion on the toxicological properties and the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) set for Propoxur. EFSA was requested to assess the toxicological properties of Propoxur and derive toxicological reference values, based on the toxicological assessment performed by Health Canada. EFSA was also requested to review the information provided by Member States and the UK on the metabolism of Propoxur in plants and animals and on the current MRLs, as well as the limit of quantification (LOQ) that can be achieved with analytical methods used in MRL enforcement. Based on the information available to EFSA, toxicological reference values could not be derived for Propoxur. No evidence was provided by Member States and UK that the existing EU MRLs need to be maintained as import tolerances. Information to support the current MRLs or alternative MRLs have not been provided by Member States and the UK. Codex MRLs are not in place. EFSA therefore recommended lowering of all existing EU MRLs for Propoxur to the LOQ. According to the EU Reference Laboratories, sufficiently validated analytical methods are available to analyse for Propoxur residues in all plant and animal commodities. Lacking toxicological reference values derived at EU level, a conclusion cannot be derived whether the setting of MRLs at the LOQs is sufficiently protective for the European consumers.
Functional characterization of CYP6G4 from the house fly in Propoxur metabolism and resistance
Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022 Oct;187:105186.PMID:36127048DOI:10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105186.
The house fly (Musca domestica L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) is a global vector that can transmit >250 human and animal diseases. The control of house flies has heavily relied on the application of various chemical insecticides. The carbamate insecticide Propoxur has been widely used for the control of house flies, and resistance to Propoxur has been documented in many house fly populations worldwide. Previous studies have identified several Propoxur resistance-conferring mutations in the target protein acetylcholinesterase; however, the molecular basis for metabolic resistance to Propoxur remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the involvement of CYP6G4, a cytochrome P450 overexpressed in many insecticide resistant populations of Musca domestica, in Propoxur metabolism and resistance by using combined approaches of recombinant protein-based insecticide metabolism and the Drosophila GAL4/UAS transgenic system. The recombinant CYP6G4 and its redox partners (NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b5) were functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. Metabolism experiments showed that CYP6G4 was able to transform Propoxur with a turnover rate of around 0.79 min-1. Six metabolites were putatively identified, suggesting that CYP6G4 could metabolize Propoxur via hydroxylation, O-depropylation and N-demethylation. Moreover, bioassay results showed that ectopic overexpression of CYP6G4 in fruit flies significantly increased their tolerance to Propoxur. Our in vivo and in vitro data convincingly demonstrate that CYP6G4 contributes to Propoxur metabolism and resistance.
Propoxur resistance associated with insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)
Sci Rep 2020 May 21;10(1):8400.PMID:32439946DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-65242-3.
Two unique housefly strains, PSS and N-PRS (near-isogenic line with the PSS), were used to clarify the mechanisms associated with Propoxur resistance in the housefly, Musca domestica. The propoxur-selected resistant (N-PRS) strain exhibited >1035-fold resistance to Propoxur and 1.70-, 12.06-, 4.28-, 57.76-, and 57.54-fold cross-resistance to beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, bifenthrin, phoxim, and azamethiphos, respectively, compared to the susceptible (PSS) strain. We purified acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from the N-PRS and PSS strains using a procainamide affinity column and characterized the AChE. The sensitivity of AChE to Propoxur based on the bimolecular rate constant (Ki) was approximately 100-fold higher in the PSS strain compared to the N-PRS strain. The cDNA encoding Mdace from both the N-PRS strain and the PSS strain were cloned and sequenced using RT-PCR. The cDNA was 2073 nucleotides long and encoded a protein of 691 amino acids. A total of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), I162M, V260L, G342A, and F407Y, were present in the region of the active site of AChE from the N-PRS strain. The transcription level and DNA copy number of Mdace were significantly higher in the resistant strain than in the susceptible strain. These results indicated that mutations combined with the up-regulation of Mdace might be essential in the housefly resistance to Propoxur.