Pyocyanin
(Synonyms: 綠膿素,Sanasin,Sanazin,Pyocyanine) 目录号 : GC13137
绿脓菌素是一种具有生物活性的吩嗪色素，由铜绿假单胞菌产生，在各种药理学制剂中充当一氧化氮 (NO) 拮抗剂，并在生物传感器中充当介质。
Cas No.:85-66-5
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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- Purity: >98.00%
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- Datasheet
| Cell experiment [1]: | |
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Cell lines |
Human embryonic lung epithelial cell line, L-132 |
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Preparation Method |
Cell cultures in 96 well plates were developed by adding 0.2 ml cell suspension in growth medium containing approximately 5 × 105 cells ml−1 and incubating for 12 h at appropriate temperature. |
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Reaction Conditions |
Pyocyanin was prepared with different concentrations in growth medium. Then added to the wells to attain final strength ranging from 6.25 to 200 µg ml−1 for XTT (mitochondrial activity), neutral red up take (plasma membrane damage) and SRB (protein synthesis), 0–200 µg ml−1 for LDH and H2O2, and 25–200 µg ml−1 for glucose consumption in triplicate for each concentration. Incubate for 24 h. |
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Applications |
The cytotoxicity of pyocyanin could be assessed by this experiment, facilitating pyocyanin’s safe usage toxicity. Higher concentrations of pyocyanin (175 and 200 mg l−1) only caused significant morphological changes such as clumping, and necrosis as visualized microscopically in L-132 cell line. Human cell membrane was found to be susceptible to oxidative damage induced by pyocyanin. |
| Animal experiment [2]: | |
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Animal models |
Male C57BL/6J mice (8-10 weeks, 20-30 g) |
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Preparation Method |
Mice were housed under controlled laboratory conditions, maintained on a 12 h day and night cycle. Then mice were acclimatized for 5 days to the lab conditions and handling prior to the actual beginning of the experiments. Mice were administered 0.9% saline as control, and pyocyanin by intranasal route. Another group was treated with LPS (P.aeruginosa) by intraperitoneal route to mimic the effects of ongoing infection on tissue permeability, and pyocyanin was instilled by intranasal route 3h after LPS injection. |
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Dosage form |
Pyocyanin (50 µg/50 µL in 0.9% saline); 0.9% saline (50 µL); LPS (3 mg/kg) |
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Applications |
Pyocyanin could be diffused into systemic circulation, which was not influenced by the pre-exposure to pseudomonal infestation. This experiment detected the plasma concentration of intranasally administered Pyocyanin. Furthermore, localized administration of Pyocyanin was able to elicit changes to behavior and a systemic pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant effect. |
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References: [1]. Priyaja P, et al. Pyocyanin induced in vitro oxidative damage and its toxicity level in human, fish and insect cell lines for its selective biological applications. Cytotechnology. 2016 Jan;68(1):143-155. [2]. Arora D, et al. Pyocyanin induces systemic oxidative stress, inflammation and behavioral changes in vivo. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2018 Jul;28(6):410-414. |
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Pyocyanin is a biologically active phenazine pigment produced by the bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, acting as a nitric oxide (NO) antagonist in various pharmacological preparations and as mediator in biosensors. Pyocyanin can also be used as electron shuttle in microbial fuel cells enabling bacterial electron transfers. Furthermore, Pyocyanin has broad antibiotic activity as well as has been identified as the key molecule produced by Pseudomonas that inhibits growth of pathogenic vibrios in aquaculture systems.[1]
In vitro study was performed to measure the cytotoxicity of Pyocyanin. Results indicated that L-132 cells were prone to Pyocyanin-induced toxicity. The IC50 value of Pyocyanin on inhibition of mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity was 112.01 ± 23.73 mgl-1. The IC50 value of Pyocyanin induced damage of plasma membrane was 21.79 ± 14.23 mg l-1. Moreover, Pyocyanin showed an IC50 of 32.57 ± 16.52 mg l-1 on inhibition of protein synthesis. When Pyocyanin has concentration of 25 mgl-1, 3.9 % inhibition of mitochondrial activity, 47.3 % plasma membrane damage and 26.6 % inhibition of protein synthesis were observed in L-132 cells. Whereas at lower concentration (6.25 mgl-1) the toxicity was negligible, whereas at 200 mg l-1 the values were 64.8, 72.8 and 91.7 %, respectively.[1]
In vivo study demonstrated that Pyocyanin was able to slow the beating of human respiratory tract cilia. The effects of Pyocyanin on tracheal mucus velocity of radiolabeled erythrocytes were tested in anesthetized guinea pigs. The effect of Pyocyanin was slower in onset, 600 ng causing 60% reduction in tracheal mucus velocity at 3 h, and no recovery occurred. Whereas combination of Pyocyanin and 1-hydroxyphenazine produced an initial rapid slowing equivalent to the same dose of 1-hydroxyphenazine given alone, but the later slowing attributed to Pyocyanin was greater than the same dose administered alone. This study demonstrates one mechanism by which products of P. aeruginosa, such as Pyocyanin may facilitate its colonization of the respiratory tract.
References:
[1]. Priyaja P, et al. Pyocyanin induced in vitro oxidative damage and its toxicity level in human, fish and insect cell lines for its selective biological applications. Cytotechnology. 2016 Jan;68(1):143-155.
[2]. Arora D, et al. Pyocyanin induces systemic oxidative stress, inflammation and behavioral changes in vivo. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2018 Jul;28(6):410-414.
绿脓菌素是一种具有生物活性的吩嗪色素,由铜绿假单胞菌产生,在各种药理学制剂中充当一氧化氮 (NO) 拮抗剂,并在生物传感器中充当介质。绿脓菌素也可用作微生物燃料电池中的电子穿梭,从而实现细菌电子转移。此外,绿脓菌素具有广泛的抗生素活性,并且已被确定为假单胞菌产生的关键分子,可抑制水产养殖系统中致病性弧菌的生长。[1]
进行了体外研究以测量绿脓素的细胞毒性。结果表明,L-132 细胞容易产生绿脓素诱导的毒性。绿脓素抑制线粒体脱氢酶活性的 IC50 值为 112.01 ± 23.73 mg l-1。绿脓素诱导质膜损伤的 IC50 值为 21.79 ± 14.23 mg l-1。此外,绿脓素抑制蛋白质合成的 IC50 为 32.57 ± 16.52 mg l-1。当绿脓素浓度为 25 mg l-1 时,L-132 细胞线粒体活性抑制 3.9%,质膜损伤 47.3%,蛋白质合成抑制 26.6%。而在较低浓度（6.25 mg l-1）下,毒性可以忽略不计,而在 200 mg l-1 时,该值分别为 64.8、72.8 和 91.7 %。[1]
体内研究表明,绿脓素能够减缓人类呼吸道纤毛的跳动。在麻醉的豚鼠中测试了绿脓素对放射性标记的红细胞气管粘液速度的影响。绿脓素起效较慢,600 ng 导致 3 小时时气管粘液速度降低 60%,并且没有恢复。虽然绿脓素和 1-羟基吩嗪的组合产生了与单独给予相同剂量的 1-羟基吩嗪相当的初始快速减慢,但归因于绿脓素的后期减慢大于单独给予相同剂量。本研究证明了绿脓杆菌的产物（例如绿脓素）可能促进其在呼吸道定植的一种机制。
| Cas No. | 85-66-5 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 綠膿素,Sanasin,Sanazin,Pyocyanine | ||
| 化学名 | 5-methyl-1(5H)-phenazinone | ||
| Canonical SMILES | Cn1c2ccccc2nc2c(=O)cccc12 | ||
| 分子式 | C13H10N2O | 分子量 | 210.2 |
| 溶解度 | 5mg/ml in ethanol, or in DMSO; 2.5mg/ml in DMF | 储存条件 | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 4.7574 mL | 23.7869 mL | 47.5737 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.9515 mL | 4.7574 mL | 9.5147 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.4757 mL | 2.3787 mL | 4.7574 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
The role of pyocyanin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection
Pyocyanin (PCN) is a blue redox-active secondary metabolite that is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PCN is readily recovered in large quantities in sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis who are infected by P. aeruginosa. Despite in vitro studies demonstrating that PCN interferes with multiple cellular functions, its importance during clinical infection is uncertain. This is partially caused by the difficulty in defining the contribution of PCN among the numerous virulence factors produced by P. aeruginosa during infection. In addition, few cellular pathways that are affected by PCN are known. This review briefly highlights recent advances that might clarify the role of PCN in P. aeruginosa pathogenesis.
Pyocyanin as anti-tyrosinase and anti tinea corporis: A novel treatment study
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of pyocyanin pigment as a novel compound active against tyrosinase with its depigmentation efficiency for combating Trichophyton rubrum which could be a major causative agent of tinea corporis.
Methods: Fifty swabs of fungal tinea corporis infections were collected and identified. Five MDRPA isolates were tested for their levels of pyocyanin production. The purified extracted pyocyanin was characterized by UV spectrum and FT-IR analysis. Pyocyanin activity against tyrosinase was determined by dopachrome micro-plate. In addition, the antidermatophytic activity of pyocyanin against T. rubrum was detected by radial growth technique. In vivo novel trial was conducted to evaluate the efficiency and safety of pyocyanin as an alternative natural therapeutic compound against T. rubrum causing tinea corporis.
Results: Purified pyocyanin showed highly significant inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and T. rubrum. In vivo topical treatments with pyocyanin ointment revealed the efficiency of pyocyanin (MIC 2000 μg/ml) to cure tinea corporis compared to fluconazole, which showed a partial curing at a higher concentration (MIC 3500 μg/ml) after two weeks of treatment. In addition, the results revealed complete healing and disappear of hyperpigmentation by testing the safety of pyocyanin ointment and its histopathological efficiency in the skin treatment without any significant toxic effect.
Conclusion: Pyocyanin pigment could be a promising anti-tyrosinase and a new active compound against T. rubrum, which could be a major causative agent of tinea corporis. In fact, if pyocyanin secondary metabolite is going to be used in practical medication, it will support the continuous demand of novel antimycotic natural agents against troublesome fungal infections.
Pyocyanin Modulates Gastrointestinal Transformation and Microbiota
Phenazines are ubiquitously produced by Pseudomonas spp. in the environment and are widely used in agriculture and clinical therapies, making their accumulation through the food chain cause potential risks to human health. Here, we utilized pyocyanin (PYO) as a representative to study the effects of phenazines on digestive tracts. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that PYO exhibited low systemic exposure, slow elimination, and low accumulation in both rat and pig models. PYO was subsequently found to induce intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, destroy the mucus layer and physical barrier, and even promote gut vascular barrier (GVB) impairment, consequently increasing the gut permeability. Additionally, integral and metabolomic analyses of the liver demonstrated that PYO induced liver inflammation and metabolic disorders. The metabolic analysis further confirmed that all of the metabolites of PYO retain the nitrogen-containing tricyclic structural skeleton of phenazines, which was the core bioactivity of phenazine compounds. These findings elucidated that PYO could be metabolized by animals. Meanwhile, high levels of PYO could induce intestinal barrier impairment and liver damage, suggesting that we should be alert to the accumulation of phenazines.
Pyocyanin: production, applications, challenges and new insights
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic, Gram-negative bacterium and is one of the most commercially and biotechnologically valuable microorganisms. Strains of P. aeruginosa secrete a variety of redox-active phenazine compounds, the most well studied being pyocyanin. Pyocyanin is responsible for the blue-green colour characteristic of Pseudomonas spp. It is considered both as a virulence factor and a quorum sensing signalling molecule for P. aeruginosa. Pyocyanin is an electrochemically active metabolite, involved in a variety of significant biological activities including gene expression, maintaining fitness of bacterial cells and biofilm formation. It is also recognised as an electron shuttle for bacterial respiration and as an antibacterial and antifungal agent. This review summarises recent advances of pyocyanin production from P. aeruginosa with special attention to antagonistic property and bio-control activity. The review also covers the challenges and new insights into pyocyanin from P. aeruginosa.
Electrochemical Detection of Pyocyanin as a Biomarker for Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Focused Review
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a pathogen that is recognized for its advanced antibiotic resistance and its association with serious diseases such as ventilator-associated pneumonia and cystic fibrosis. The ability to rapidly detect the presence of pathogenic bacteria in patient samples is crucial for the immediate eradication of the infection. Pyocyanin is one of PA's virulence factors used to establish infections. Pyocyanin promotes virulence by interfering in numerous cellular functions in host cells due to its redox-activity. Fortunately, the redox-active nature of pyocyanin makes it ideal for detection with simple electrochemical techniques without sample pretreatment or sensor functionalization. The previous decade has seen an increased interest in the electrochemical detection of pyocyanin either as an indicator of the presence of PA in samples or as a tool for quantifying PA virulence. This review provides the first overview of the advances in electrochemical detection of pyocyanin and offers an input regarding the future directions in the field.