Search Site
  • 0
    My Cart

    Click Here to Find How Many Items You Have Added:)

qq在线咨询
Home >> Signaling Pathways >> Apoptosis

Apoptosis(凋亡)

As one of the cellular death mechanisms, apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, can be defined as the process of a proper death of any cell under certain or necessary conditions. Apoptosis is controlled by the interactions between several molecules and responsible for the elimination of unwanted cells from the body.

Many biochemical events and a series of morphological changes occur at the early stage and increasingly continue till the end of apoptosis process. Morphological event cascade including cytoplasmic filament aggregation, nuclear condensation, cellular fragmentation, and plasma membrane blebbing finally results in the formation of apoptotic bodies. Several biochemical changes such as protein modifications/degradations, DNA and chromatin deteriorations, and synthesis of cell surface markers form morphological process during apoptosis.

Apoptosis can be stimulated by two different pathways: (1) intrinsic pathway (or mitochondria pathway) that mainly occurs via release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and (2) extrinsic pathway when Fas death receptor is activated by a signal coming from the outside of the cell.

Different gene families such as caspases, inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 family, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor gene superfamily, or p53 gene are involved and/or collaborate in the process of apoptosis.

Caspase family comprises conserved cysteine aspartic-specific proteases, and members of caspase family are considerably crucial in the regulation of apoptosis. There are 14 different caspases in mammals, and they are basically classified as the initiators including caspase-2, -8, -9, and -10; and the effectors including caspase-3, -6, -7, and -14; and also the cytokine activators including caspase-1, -4, -5, -11, -12, and -13. In vertebrates, caspase-dependent apoptosis occurs through two main interconnected pathways which are intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. The intrinsic or mitochondrial apoptosis pathway can be activated through various cellular stresses that lead to cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and the formation of the apoptosome, comprised of APAF1, cytochrome c, ATP, and caspase-9, resulting in the activation of caspase-9. Active caspase-9 then initiates apoptosis by cleaving and thereby activating executioner caspases. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is activated through the binding of a ligand to a death receptor, which in turn leads, with the help of the adapter proteins (FADD/TRADD), to recruitment, dimerization, and activation of caspase-8 (or 10). Active caspase-8 (or 10) then either initiates apoptosis directly by cleaving and thereby activating executioner caspase (-3, -6, -7), or activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway through cleavage of BID to induce efficient cell death. In a heat shock-induced death, caspase-2 induces apoptosis via cleavage of Bid.

Bcl-2 family members are divided into three subfamilies including (i) pro-survival subfamily members (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bcl-W, MCL1, and BFL1/A1), (ii) BH3-only subfamily members (Bad, Bim, Noxa, and Puma9), and (iii) pro-apoptotic mediator subfamily members (Bax and Bak). Following activation of the intrinsic pathway by cellular stress, pro‑apoptotic BCL‑2 homology 3 (BH3)‑only proteins inhibit the anti‑apoptotic proteins Bcl‑2, Bcl-xl, Bcl‑W and MCL1. The subsequent activation and oligomerization of the Bak and Bax result in mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). This results in the release of cytochrome c and SMAC from the mitochondria. Cytochrome c forms a complex with caspase-9 and APAF1, which leads to the activation of caspase-9. Caspase-9 then activates caspase-3 and caspase-7, resulting in cell death. Inhibition of this process by anti‑apoptotic Bcl‑2 proteins occurs via sequestration of pro‑apoptotic proteins through binding to their BH3 motifs.

One of the most important ways of triggering apoptosis is mediated through death receptors (DRs), which are classified in TNF superfamily. There exist six DRs: DR1 (also called TNFR1); DR2 (also called Fas); DR3, to which VEGI binds; DR4 and DR5, to which TRAIL binds; and DR6, no ligand has yet been identified that binds to DR6. The induction of apoptosis by TNF ligands is initiated by binding to their specific DRs, such as TNFα/TNFR1, FasL /Fas (CD95, DR2), TRAIL (Apo2L)/DR4 (TRAIL-R1) or DR5 (TRAIL-R2). When TNF-α binds to TNFR1, it recruits a protein called TNFR-associated death domain (TRADD) through its death domain (DD). TRADD then recruits a protein called Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD), which then sequentially activates caspase-8 and caspase-3, and thus apoptosis. Alternatively, TNF-α can activate mitochondria to sequentially release ROS, cytochrome c, and Bax, leading to activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and thus apoptosis. Some of the miRNAs can inhibit apoptosis by targeting the death-receptor pathway including miR-21, miR-24, and miR-200c.

p53 has the ability to activate intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis by inducing transcription of several proteins like Puma, Bid, Bax, TRAIL-R2, and CD95.

Some inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) can inhibit apoptosis indirectly (such as cIAP1/BIRC2, cIAP2/BIRC3) or inhibit caspase directly, such as XIAP/BIRC4 (inhibits caspase-3, -7, -9), and Bruce/BIRC6 (inhibits caspase-3, -6, -7, -8, -9). 

Any alterations or abnormalities occurring in apoptotic processes contribute to development of human diseases and malignancies especially cancer.

References:
1.Yağmur Kiraz, Aysun Adan, Melis Kartal Yandim, et al. Major apoptotic mechanisms and genes involved in apoptosis[J]. Tumor Biology, 2016, 37(7):8471.
2.Aggarwal B B, Gupta S C, Kim J H. Historical perspectives on tumor necrosis factor and its superfamily: 25 years later, a golden journey.[J]. Blood, 2012, 119(3):651.
3.Ashkenazi A, Fairbrother W J, Leverson J D, et al. From basic apoptosis discoveries to advanced selective BCL-2 family inhibitors[J]. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2017.
4.McIlwain D R, Berger T, Mak T W. Caspase functions in cell death and disease[J]. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 2013, 5(4): a008656.
5.Ola M S, Nawaz M, Ahsan H. Role of Bcl-2 family proteins and caspases in the regulation of apoptosis[J]. Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 2011, 351(1-2): 41-58.

Products for  Apoptosis

  1. Cat.No. 产品名称 Information
  2. GC62567 Pralnacasan

    VX-740; HMR 3480

     Pralnacasan (VX-740) 是一种有效的，选择性的，非肽型，具有口服活性白介素 1β 转化酶 (ICE, caspase 1) 抑制剂，Ki 为 1.4 nM。Pralnacasan 抑制促炎细胞因子 IL-18，IL-1β 和 IFN-γ。Pralnacasan 有潜力用于骨关节炎和类风湿关节炎的研究。
  3. GC62562 EGFR-IN-11 EGFR-IN-11 是第四代 EGFR-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂 (EGFR-TKI)，对三重突变的 EGFRL858R/T790M/C797S 的 IC50 为 18 nM。EGFR-IN-11 显著抑制 EGFR 磷酸化，诱导细胞凋亡，将细胞周期阻滞在 G0/G1处。
  4. GC62561 CCT369260 CCT369260 (compound 1) 是具有口服活性的、B 细胞淋巴瘤 6 (BCL6) 抑制剂，具有抗肿瘤活性，其 IC50 值为 520 nM。
  5. GC62558 WDR5-IN-1 WDR5-IN-1 是一种有效的选择性 WD 重复结构域 5 (WDR5) 抑制剂，Kd 为 <0.02 nM。WDR5-IN-1 抑制 MLL1 组蛋白甲基转移酶活性 (HMT)，IC50为 2.2 nM。WDR5-IN-1 减少 WDR5 移位基因的 MYC 募集，并在 CHP-134 (神经母细胞瘤) 和 Ramos (Burkitt淋巴瘤) 细胞系中显示出有效的抗增殖作用。
  6. GC62557 MDM2-IN-1 MDM2-IN-1 (Compound 30) 是一种合成的 MDM2-p53 相互作用 (MDM2) 抑制剂，包含反式 (D-)构型。
  7. GC62554 S65487

    VOB560

     S65487 (VOB560) 是一种有效的选择性 Bcl-2 抑制剂。 S65487 对 BCL-2 突变也有活性，例如 G101V 和 D103Y。S65487 对 MCL-1，BFL-1 和 BCL-XL 的亲和力较差。S65487 诱导细胞凋亡 (apoptosis) 并具有抗癌活性。
  8. GC62536 Bromelain

    菠萝蛋白酶

     A mixture of proteolytic enzymes
  9. GC62528 (Rac)-Hesperetin

    3′,5,7-三羟基-4-甲氧基黄酮

     (Rac)-Hesperetin 是Hesperetin 的外消旋体。 Hesperetin 是一种天然黄烷酮类物质，为有效的，广谱的人 UGT 抑制剂。Hesperetin 可通过激活 p38 MAPK 来诱导凋亡。
  10. GC62505 Pelcitoclax

    APG-1252

     Pelcitoclax (APG-1252) 是一种有效的 Bcl-2/Bcl-xl 抑制剂，具有抗肿瘤和促凋亡作用。
  11. GC62502 PD-1/PD-L1-IN-NP19 A PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibitor
  12. GC62499 ATH686 ATH686 是一种有效的，选择性的，ATP 竞争性的 FLT3 抑制剂。ATH686 靶向突变 FLT3 蛋白激酶活性，并通过诱导凋亡 (apoptosis) 和抑制细胞周期来抑制具有 FLT3 突变的细胞的增殖。ATH686 具有抗白血病作用。
  13. GC62487 POMHEX POMHEX 是一个消旋混合物，是具有细胞渗透性的 HEX 的 POM 前体药物，是ENO2 的特异性抑制剂。POMHEX 对ENO1 缺失的细胞表现出低纳摩尔级别活性，并对 ENO1 缺失的肿瘤模型表现出良好的抗癌效果。POMHEX 是有效的糖酵解抑制剂。
  14. GC62483 Pomolic acid

    坡模酸,Randialic acid A

     Pomolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Euscaphis japonica, and is highly effective in inhibiting cell growth and induces apoptosis.
  15. GC62478 ζ-Stat

    NSC37044

     ζ-Stat (NSC37044) is a specific and atypical protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM.
  16. GC62457 UZH1 UZH1 是 UZH1a 和 UZH1b 的外消旋体。UZH1a 是一种有效和选择性的 METTL3 抑制剂，IC50 值为 280 nM。UZH1b (IC50=28 µM) 基本无活性。UZH1 可用于细胞进程的转录组调控。UZH1 具有抗肿瘤活性。UZH1 也可用作研究 METTL3 的化学探针。
  17. GC62455 RIPK3-IN-1 RIPK3-IN-1 是 II 型 RIPK3 DFG-out 位点抑制剂，IC50 为 9.1 nM。RIPK3-IN-1 抑制 RIPK1 和 RIPK2，IC50 为 5.5 和 >10 μM。RIPK3-IN-1 还是 c-Met 激酶抑制剂，IC50 为 1.1 μM。
  18. GC62453 GZD856 formic GZD856 formic 是一种有效的和具有口服活性的 PDGFRα/β 抑制剂，IC50 值分别为 68.6 和 136.6 nM。GZD856 formic 也是 Bcr-AblT315I 的抑制剂，对天然 Bcr-Abl 和 T315I 突变型的 IC50 值分别为 19.9 和 15.4 nM。GZD856 formic 具有抗肿瘤活性。
  19. GC62451 Benpyrine Benpyrine 是一种高度特异性的具有口服活性的 TNF-α 抑制剂，KD 值为 82.1 μM。Benpyrine 与 TNF-α 紧密结合并阻断其与 TNFR1 的相互作用，IC50 值为 0.109 µM。Benpyrine 可用于 TNF-α 介导的炎症和自身免疫性疾病的研究。
  20. GC62444 SDZ 224-015 SDZ 224-015 是具有口服活性的、IL-1β 转化酶和 caspase-1 的抑制剂。SDZ 224-015 具有抗COVID-19的活性，靶向 Mpro (IC50 of 30 nM)。
  21. GC62443 ErSO ErSO activates the anticipatory unfolded protein response (a-UPR) with an IC50 of 20.3 nM in MCF-7 cells. ErSO induces rapid and selective necrosis of ERα-positive breast cancer cell lines in vitro.
  22. GC62442 Casein Kinase inhibitor A51 Casein Kinase inhibitor A51 是一种有效且具有口服活性的酪蛋白激酶 1α (CK1α) 抑制剂。Casein Kinase inhibitor A51 可诱导白血病细胞凋亡 (apoptosis)，并具有有效的抗白血病活性。
  23. GC62426 ASK1-IN-2 ASK1-IN-2 is a potent and orally active inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), with an IC50 of 32.8 nM.
  24. GC62419 Apcin-A Apcin-A，是 Apcin 衍生物，是一种后期促进复合物 (APC) 抑制剂。Apcin-A 与 Cdc20 强烈相互作用，抑制 Cdc20 底物的泛素化。Apcin-A 可用于合成 PROTAC CP5V 。
  25. GC62411 QTX125 QTX125 是一种有效且高度选择性的 HDAC6 抑制剂。与其他 HDAC 相比，QTX125 对 HDAC6 具有出色的选择性。QTX125 具有抗肿瘤作用。
  26. GC62400 LEESGGGLVQPGGSMK acetate LEESGGGLVQPGGSMK acetate，一种蛋白水解肽，是 Infliximab 的一种成分，可用于 Infliximab 的定量分析。Infliximab 是一种与 TNF-α 特异性结合的嵌合单克隆 IgG1 抗体。
  27. GC62399 RA375 RA375 是 RPN13 (26S 蛋白酶体亚基) 抑制剂。RA375 激活 UPR 信号、ROS 产生和凋亡。RA375 的抗肿瘤活性是 RA190的 10 倍。
  28. GC62388 YUM70 YUM70 is a potent inhibitor of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.5 μM. YUM70 induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer.Although YUM70 inhibits GRP78 enzymatic activity, it increases the expression of GRP78 by increasing the chaperone translation mechanism.
  29. GC62387 PD-1/PD-L1-IN-9 PD-1/PD-L1-IN-9 是一种有效和具有口服活性的 PD-1/PD-L1 相互作用抑制剂，IC50 值为 3.8 nM。PD-1/PD-L1-IN-9 可以增强免疫细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性。PD-1/PD-L1-IN-9 在 CT26 小鼠模型中表现出显着的体内抗肿瘤活性。
  30. GC62383 (±)-ErSO (±)-ErSO 是 ErSO 的消旋体。ErSO 是选择性预期未折叠蛋白反应 (a-UPR) 激活物。
  31. GC62347 CMC2.24

    TRB-N0224

     CMC2.24 (TRB-N0224) 是一种口服活性三羰基甲烷制剂，通过抑制 Ras 及其下游效应子 ERK1/2 途径对小鼠胰腺肿瘤有效。CMC2.24 也是一种有效的锌依赖性 MMPs 抑制剂，IC50 范围为 2.0-69 μM。CMC2.24 通过恢复软骨内稳态和通过NF-κB/HIF-2α 轴抑制软骨细胞凋亡来减轻骨关节炎的进展。
  32. GC62346 UCB-9260 UCB-9260 is an orally active inhibitor that inhibits TNF signalling by stabilising an asymmetric form of the trimer. UCB-9260 binds TNF with Kd of 13 ?nM. UCB-9260 also inhibits NF-κB with IC50 of 202?nM after TNF stimulation.
  33. GC62338 GSK-3β inhibitor 3 GSK-3β inhibitor 3 是一种有效，选择性，不可逆和共价的糖原合酶激酶 3β (GSK-3β) 抑制剂，IC50 值为 6.6 μM。GSK-3β inhibitor 3 可用于急性早幼粒细胞白血病的研究。
  34. GC62322 MS7972 MS7972 is a small molecule that blocks human p53 and CREB binding protein association.
  35. GC62319 Samuraciclib trihydrochloride Samuraciclib (CT7001) trihydrochloride 是一种有效的，具有选择性，ATP 竞争性和口服活性的 CDK7 抑制剂，IC50 为 41 nM。Samuraciclib trihydrochloride 对 CDK7 的选择性分别是 CDK1，CDK2 (IC50 为 578 nM)，CDK5 和 CDK9 的 45 倍，15 倍，230 倍和 30 倍。Samuraciclib trihydrochloride 以 GI50 值为 0.2-0.3 µM 来抑制乳腺癌细胞系的生长，具有有效的抗肿瘤作用。
  36. GC62318 SJ6986 A degrader of GSPT1 and GSPT2
  37. GC62316 Necrostatin-34 Necrostatin-34 (Nec-34) is a small molecule inhibitor of RIPK1 kinase with an IC50 of 0.13 μM in L929 cells.
  38. GC62269 RRD-251

    (2,4-二氯苯基)甲基硫基甲烷脒盐酸盐

     RRD-251 是一种视网膜母细胞瘤肿瘤抑制蛋白 (Rb)-Raf-1相互作用 (Rb-Raf-1 interaction) 的抑制剂，具有高效的抗增殖、抗血管生成和抗肿瘤活性。
  39. GC62253 Camrelizumab

    卡瑞利珠单抗; SHR-1210

     卡瑞利珠单抗（Camrelizumab, 也称为SHR-1210）是一种高亲和力、人源化IgG4-κ单克隆抗体。
  40. GC62252 Mefuparib hydrochloride

    MPH

     Mefuparib hydrochloride (MPH) 是一种具有口服活性的，底物竞争性和选择性的 PARP1/2 抑制剂，IC50 分别为 3.2 nM 和 1.9 nM。Mefuparib hydrochloride 诱导细胞凋亡 (apoptosis)，并在体内外具有显着的抗癌活性。
  41. GC62246 G5-7 G5-7 is an orally active and allosteric JAK2 inhibitor, selectively inhibits JAK2 mediated phosphorylation and activation of EGFR (Tyr1068) and STAT3 by binding to JAK2.
  42. GC62242 Sideroxylin Sideroxylin 是一种从 Callistemon lanceolatus 中分离的 C-甲基化黄酮，对金黄色葡萄球菌具有抗菌活性。Sideroxylin 可抑制卵巢癌细胞增殖并诱导凋亡 (apoptosis)，导致 DNA 断裂，线粒体膜去极化，产生活性氧 (ROS)。
  43. GC62222 DB2313 DB2313 是一种有效的转录因子 PU.1 抑制剂，apoptosis 为 14 nM。DB2313 破坏了 PU.1 与靶基因启动子的相互作用。DB2313 可诱导急性髓细胞性白血病 (AML) 细胞凋亡 (apoptosis)，并具有抗癌作用。
  44. GC62203 Falcarindiol

    法卡林二醇

     Falcarindiol (FAD, (3R,8S)-Falcarindiol, FaDOH) is a natural polyacetylene compound found rich in many plants of the Umbelliferae family. Falcarindiol suppresses LPS-stimulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Falcarindiol attenuates the LPS-induced activation of JNK, ERK, STAT1, and STAT3 signaling molecules.
  45. GC62193 (1S,2S)-Bortezomib

    硼替佐米杂质E

     (1S,2S)-Bortezomib 是 Bortezomib 的对映异构体。Bortezomib 是一种细胞渗透性、可逆性和选择性的蛋白酶体抑制剂，通过靶向苏氨酸残基有效抑制 20S 蛋白酶体 (Ki 为 0.6 nM)。Bortezomib 破坏细胞周期、诱导细胞凋亡以及抑制核因子 NF-κB。Bortezomib 是一种抗癌药物，也是第一种用于人类的蛋白酶体抑制剂。
  46. GC62192 COG1410 COG1410 是一种载脂蛋白 E 的衍生肽。COG1410 在小鼠颅脑损伤 (TBI) 模型中发挥神经保护和抗炎作用。COG1410 可用于神经系统疾病的研究。
  47. GC62191 TD52 A derivative of erlotinib
  48. GC62186 KB02-SLF KB02-SLF 是一种基于 PROTAC 的核 FKBP12 降解剂 (molecular glue)。KB02-SLF 通过共价修饰 DCAF16 (E3 ligase) 促进 FKBP12 降解，并可以提高生物系统中蛋白质降解的持久性。KB02-SLF 由 SLF 与泛素 E3 连接酶配体 (KB02) 通过 linker 连接而成。
  49. GC62174 ON1231320 ON1231320 (7ao), an arylsulfonyl pyrido-pyrimidinone, is a highly specific inhibitor of polo like kinase 2 (PLK2). It also blocks tumor cell cycle progression in the G2/M phase in mitosis and causes apoptosis.
  50. GC62167 Fluorizoline Fluorizoline 选择性地直接结合到 prohibitin 1 (PHB1) 和 2 (PHB2)，并诱导凋亡。Fluorizoline 通过上调 NOXA 和 BIM 降低慢性淋巴细胞性白血病 (CLL) 细胞的活力。Fluorizoline 以 p53 非依赖性方式发挥抗肿瘤作用。
  51. GC62164 BAY1082439

    N-[8-[[(2R)-2-羟基-3-(吗啉-4-基)丙基]氧基]-7-甲氧基-2,3-二氢咪唑并[1,2-C]喹唑啉-5-基]-2-甲基吡啶-3-甲酰胺

     An inhibitor of PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, and PI3Kδ

Items 501 to 550 of 2517 total

per page
  2. 9
  3. 10
  4. 11
  5. 12
  6. 13

Set Descending Direction