Immunology/Inflammation(免疫及炎症)
The immune and inflammation-related pathway including the Toll-like receptors pathway, the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, etc.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR4 initially recruits TIRAP and MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IRAKs, TRAF6, and the TAK1 complex, leading to early-stage activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases [1]. TLR4 is endocytosed and delivered to intracellular vesicles and forms a complex with TRAM and TRIF, which then recruits TRAF3 and the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKi. TBK1 and IKKi catalyze the phosphorylation of IRF3, leading to the expression of type I IFN [2].
BCR signaling is initiated through ligation of mIg under conditions that induce phosphorylation of the ITAMs in CD79, leading to the activation of Syk. Once Syk is activated, the BCR signal is transmitted via a series of proteins associated with the adaptor protein B-cell linker (Blnk, SLP-65). Blnk binds CD79a via non-ITAM tyrosines and is phosphorylated by Syk. Phospho-Blnk acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the other components, including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), Vav 1, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) [3]. Following the assembly of the BCR-signalosome, GRB2 binds and activates the Ras-guanine exchange factor SOS, which in turn activates the small GTPase RAS. The original RAS signal is transmitted and amplified through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which including the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase RAF followed by MEK and extracellular signal related kinases ERK 1 and 2 [4]. After stimulation of BCR, CD19 is phosphorylated by Lyn. Phosphorylated CD19 activates PI3K by binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K and produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) from PIP2, and PIP3 transmits signals downstream [5].
Central process of T cells responding to specific antigens is the binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to specific peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex which expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once TCR connected with its ligand, the ζ-chain–associated protein kinase 70 molecules (Zap-70) are recruited to the TCR-CD3 site and activated, resulting in an initiation of several signaling cascades. Once stimulation, Zap-70 forms complexes with several molecules including SLP-76; and a sequential protein kinase cascade is initiated, consisting of MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase (MAPK) [6]. Two MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, have been reported to be the primary activators of JNK. MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6 are activators of P38 MAP kinase [7]. MAP kinase pathways are major pathways induced by TCR stimulation, and they play a key role in T-cell responses.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) binds to the cytosolic domain of CD28, leading to conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, activation of PKB (Akt) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and subsequent signaling transduction [8].
References
[1] Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors[J]. Nature immunology, 2010, 11(5): 373-384.
[2] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity[J]. Immunity, 2011, 34(5): 637-650.
[3] Packard T A, Cambier J C. B lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling: initiation, amplification, and regulation[J]. F1000Prime Rep, 2013, 5(40.10): 12703.
[4] Zhong Y, Byrd J C, Dubovsky J A. The B-cell receptor pathway: a critical component of healthy and malignant immune biology[C]//Seminars in hematology. WB Saunders, 2014, 51(3): 206-218.
[5] Baba Y, Matsumoto M, Kurosaki T. Calcium signaling in B cells: regulation of cytosolic Ca 2+ increase and its sensor molecules, STIM1 and STIM2[J]. Molecular immunology, 2014, 62(2): 339-343.
[6] Adachi K, Davis M M. T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naive vs. antigen-experienced T cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(4): 1549-1554.
[7] Rincón M, Flavell R A, Davis R A. The Jnk and P38 MAP kinase signaling pathways in T cell–mediated immune responses[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28(9): 1328-1337.
[8] Bashour K T, Gondarenko A, Chen H, et al. CD28 and CD3 have complementary roles in T-cell traction forces[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(6): 2241-2246.
Products for Immunology/Inflammation
- 5-Lipoxygenase(10)
- Papain(1)
- PGDS(1)
- PGE synthase(24)
- SIKs(11)
- IκB/IKK(64)
- AP-1(6)
- KEAP1-Nrf2(65)
- NOD1(1)
- TLR(139)
- NF-κB(235)
- Interleukin Related(167)
- 15-lipoxygenase(2)
- Others(63)
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor(35)
- CD73(14)
- Complement System(57)
- Galectin(12)
- IFNAR(25)
- NO Synthase(74)
- NOD-like Receptor (NLR)(50)
- STING(104)
- Reactive Oxygen Species(454)
- Apoptosis(780)
- FKBP(20)
- eNOS(5)
- iNOS(29)
- nNOS(20)
- Glutathione(55)
- Adaptive Immunity(209)
- Allergy(124)
- Arthritis(34)
- Autoimmunity(179)
- Gastric Disease(95)
- Immunosuppressants(37)
- Immunotherapeutics(4)
- Innate Immunity(560)
- Pulmonary Diseases(108)
- Reactive Nitrogen Species(50)
- Reactive Sulfur Species(28)
- Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators(50)
- Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase(2)
- BCL6(3)
- CD20(3)
- CD28(1)
- FAP(7)
- PSMA(7)
- Nuclear Factor of activated T Cells (NFAT)(1)
- Glycoprotein VI(1)
- Tim3(2)
- Hapten(1)
- Nectin-4(2)
- Cat.No. 产品名称 Information
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GC63942
Oxysophoridine
氧化槐定碱; Sophoridine N-oxide
Oxysophoridine (Sophoridine N-oxide) 是从 Sophora alopecuroides Linn 中提取的具有生物活性生物碱。Oxysophoridine (Sophoridine N-oxide) 具有抗发炎,抗氧化应激和抗凋亡的作用。 -
GC63941
α-Solanine
α-茄碱
α-solanine 是马铃薯中的一种生物活性成分,是主要的甾体类生物碱之一,可抑制癌细胞的生长并诱导其凋亡 (apoptosis)。 -
GC63934
Karanjin
水黄皮素
Karanjin 是 Fordia cauliflora 中主要的活性呋喃黄酮醇成分。Karanjin 通过提高 AMPK 的方式诱导骨骼肌细胞 GLUT4 易位。Karanjin 可通过细胞周期阻滞诱导癌细胞死亡,促进细胞凋亡。 -
GC63933
S-Allylmercaptocysteine
S-allylmercaptocysteine 是一种从大蒜中提取的有机硫化合物,对各种肺部疾病具有抗炎和抗氧化作用。S-allylmercaptocysteine 通过多种途径发挥抗癌作用,如通过 TGF-β 信号通路诱导癌细胞凋亡 (apoptosis),或通过降低 NF-κb 活性和上调 Nrf2 来达到抗炎和抗氧化的作用。
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GC63932
Amsilarotene
4-[[3,5-二(三甲基硅烷基)苯甲酰基]氨基]苯甲酸,TAC-101; Am 555S
Amsilarotene (TAC-101; Am 555S) 是一种具有口服活性的合成类视黄醇,对视黄酸受体 α (RAR-α) 具有选择性亲和力,对 RAR-α 和 RAR-β 的 Ki 值为 2.4 nM 和 400 nM。Amsilarotene 诱导人胃癌、肝细胞癌和卵巢癌细胞的凋亡 (apoptotic)。Amsilarotene 可用于癌症研究。 -
GC63918
L-Arginine-15N4 hydrochloride
(S)-(+)-Arginine-15N4 hydrochloride
L-Arginine-15N4 ((S)-(+)-Arginine-15N4) hydrochloride 是一种 15N 标记的 L-Arginine hydrochloride。L-Arginine hydrochloride ((S)-(+)-Arginine hydrochloride) 为合成一氧化氮的氮供体,是血管扩张剂。 -
GC63916
PROTAC-O4I2
PROTAC-O4I2 是一种靶向剪接因子 3B1 (SF3B1) 的 PROTAC。PROTAC-O4I2 在 K562 细胞中诱导 FLAG-SF3B1 降解,IC50 值为 0.244 μM。PROTAC-O4I2 还诱导 K562 WT 细胞凋亡 (apoptosis)。
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GC63905
SN-008
SN-008 是 SN-011 的低活性类似物,可用来作为阴性对照。
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GC63902
Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether
血卟啉单甲醚
Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether 是第二代卟啉类光敏剂,具有形态单一、单线态氧产率高、选择性高、毒性低等特点,广泛应用于各种肿瘤的诊断和治疗,包括肺癌、膀胱癌,脑胶质瘤与焰色痣。 -
GC63871
Echitamine chloride
氯化埃奇胺
Echitamine chloride 是存在于 Alstonia 中的主要单萜吲哚生物碱,具有有效的抗肿瘤活性。Echitamine chloride 会诱导 DNA 片段化和细胞凋亡 (apoptosis)。Echitamine chloride 抑制胰腺脂肪酶 (pancreatic lipase),IC50 为 10.92 µM。 -
GC63860
Rapanone
拉帕酮
Rapanone 是一种天然苯醌。Rapanone 具有广泛的生物作用,包括抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌和抗寄生虫。Rapanone 还是一种有效和选择性的人滑膜 PLA2 抑制剂,IC50 值为 2.6 μM。 -
GC63858
Vemircopan
ALXN2050; ACH 0145228; ACH-5228
Vemircopan (ALXN2050) 是一种具有口服活性的补体因子 D (FD) 抑制剂。 -
GC63845
Eribulin-d3 mesylate
甲磺酸艾日布林 d3 (甲磺酸盐)
Eribulin-d3 mesylate 是 Eribulin mesylate 的氘代物。Eribulin mesylate 是靶向微管 (microtubule) 的抗癌剂,可用于研究癌症。 -
GC19924
CYM5442
A selective SIP1 receptor agonist
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GC19921
Phenylarsine Oxide
氧化苯胂,Arsenoso-Benzen;FenylArsinoxid;Oxophenyl-Arsin;Oxophenylarsine;Pao;Phenyl Arsene Oxide;Phenyl ARSENOxide;PhenylARSINE Oxide
An organoarsenic compound -
GC49745
ABT-263-d8
生根粉263 d8
An internal standard for the quantification of ABT-263 -
GC49732
Glycine-d5
甘氨酸-d5
An internal standard for the quantification of glycine -
GC49730
1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE-d11
15(S)-HETE-SAPE-d11, 15(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid-SAPE-d11, 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylethanolamine-d11
An internal standard for the quantification of 1-stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE -
GC49724
BIO-1211 (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide inhibitor of α4β1 integrin
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GC49723
SenTraGor™ Cell Senescence Reagent
GL13, SBB-A-B, SBB-Analogue (GL13) Biotin
A cellular senescence detection reagent
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GC49717
Boc-LGR-pNA (acetate)
Boc-Leu-Gly-Arg-pNA, Boc-Leu-Gly-Arg-p-Nitroanilide, Tertbutyloxycarbonyl-Leu-Gly-Arg-p-Nitroanilide
A chromogenic substrate for endotoxins -
GC49708
Biliverdin (technical grade)
去氫膽紅素
A bile pigment -
GC49704
Ac-FLTD-CMK (trifluoroacetate salt)
Ac-Phe-Leu-Thr-Asp-CMK
An inhibitor of caspase-1, -4, -5, and -11 -
GC49694
Hygromycin A
匀霉素
An antibiotic -
GC49693
HDAC5 (human, recombinant)
Active, pure human recombinant enzyme
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GC49692
Tofacitinib-d3 (citrate)
Tasocitinib-d3 citrate; CP-690550-d3 citrate
An internal standard for the quantification of tofacitinib -
GC49685
Trifluoroacetyl Tripeptide-2 (acetate)
F3Ac-Val-Tyr-Val
A peptide inhibitor of pancreatic and neutrophil elastases -
GC49681
Necrosulfonamide-d4
NSA-d4
An internal standard for the quantification of necrosulfonamide -
GC49680
Clobetasone Propionate
Clobetasone 17-Propionate
A corticosteroid -
GC49676
6β-hydroxy Budesonide
A metabolite of budesonide
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GC49674
Schizandrin
五味子醇甲; Schizandrin; Schizandrol; Schizandrol-A
A lignan with diverse biological activities -
GC49673
M04
A STING agonist
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GC49671
2,3-Oxidosqualene
2,3环氧角鲨烯
An intermediate in the biosynthesis of sterols -
GC49670
Indium (III) thiosemicarbazone 5b
An anticancer agent
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GC49664
CB-1158
INCB 01158, Numidargistat
An arginase inhibitor -
GC49663
Pantoprazole sulfone N-oxide
泮托拉唑砜N-氧化物
A potential impurity found in bulk preparations of pantoprazole -
GC49661
Miltefosine-d4
Hexadecylphosphocholine-d4, HPC-d4
An internal standard for the quantification of miltefosine -
GC49652
Chlorpheniramine-d6 (maleate)
马来酸氯苯那敏-D6,(R)-(-)-Chlorpheniramine maleate-d6; L-Chlorpheniramine maleate-d6
An internal standard for the quantification of chlorpheniramine -
GC49646
Aurothioglucose (hydrate)
Gold Thioglucose
A TrxR inhibitor -
GC49640
Lansoprazole N-oxide
2-[[[3-甲基-1-氧代-4-(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-2-吡啶]甲基]亚硫酰基]苯并咪唑
A potential impurity found in bulk preparations of lansoprazole -
GC49638
Ambrisentan-d3
安倍生坦-D3氘代
An internal standard for the quantification of ambrisentan -
GC49634
Isoflupredone
异氟泼尼松
A glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor agonist -
GC49632
SACLAC
An inhibitor of acid ceramidase
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GC49631
Fluocortolone
氟可龙
A glucocorticoid -
GC49629
6β-hydroxy Prednisolone
泼尼松龙杂质D
A metabolite of prednisolone -
GC49627
Rabeprazole sulfone
雷贝拉唑杂质E
A metabolite of rabeprazole -
GC49597
Leukotriene B4-d5
LTB4-d5
An internal standard for the quantification of LTB4 -
GC49593
Cephacetrile
头孢乙氰,Cephacetrile; Cephacetril
A cephalosporin antibiotic -
GC49590
Docosahexaenoic Acid 1,2,3,4-13C
C22:6 n-3 1,2,3,4-13C, C22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z) 1,2,3,4-13C, Cervonic Acid 1,2,3,4-13C, DHA 1,2,3,4-13C
An internal standard for the quantification of DHA -
GC49584
CD74 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone PIN1)
For immunochemical analysis of CD74