Home >> Signaling Pathways >> Immunology/Inflammation

Immunology/Inflammation(免疫及炎症)

The immune and inflammation-related pathway including the Toll-like receptors pathway, the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, etc.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR4 initially recruits TIRAP and MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IRAKs, TRAF6, and the TAK1 complex, leading to early-stage activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases [1]. TLR4 is endocytosed and delivered to intracellular vesicles and forms a complex with TRAM and TRIF, which then recruits TRAF3 and the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKi. TBK1 and IKKi catalyze the phosphorylation of IRF3, leading to the expression of type I IFN [2].

BCR signaling is initiated through ligation of mIg under conditions that induce phosphorylation of the ITAMs in CD79, leading to the activation of Syk. Once Syk is activated, the BCR signal is transmitted via a series of proteins associated with the adaptor protein B-cell linker (Blnk, SLP-65). Blnk binds CD79a via non-ITAM tyrosines and is phosphorylated by Syk. Phospho-Blnk acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the other components, including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), Vav 1, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) [3]. Following the assembly of the BCR-signalosome, GRB2 binds and activates the Ras-guanine exchange factor SOS, which in turn activates the small GTPase RAS. The original RAS signal is transmitted and amplified through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which including the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase RAF followed by MEK and extracellular signal related kinases ERK 1 and 2 [4]. After stimulation of BCR, CD19 is phosphorylated by Lyn. Phosphorylated CD19 activates PI3K by binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K and produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) from PIP2, and PIP3 transmits signals downstream [5].

Central process of T cells responding to specific antigens is the binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to specific peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex which expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once TCR connected with its ligand, the ζ-chain–associated protein kinase 70 molecules (Zap-70) are recruited to the TCR-CD3 site and activated, resulting in an initiation of several signaling cascades. Once stimulation, Zap-70 forms complexes with several molecules including SLP-76; and a sequential protein kinase cascade is initiated, consisting of MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase (MAPK) [6]. Two MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, have been reported to be the primary activators of JNK. MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6 are activators of P38 MAP kinase [7]. MAP kinase pathways are major pathways induced by TCR stimulation, and they play a key role in T-cell responses.

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) binds to the cytosolic domain of CD28, leading to conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, activation of PKB (Akt) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and subsequent signaling transduction [8].

 

References

[1] Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors[J]. Nature immunology, 2010, 11(5): 373-384.

[2] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity[J]. Immunity, 2011, 34(5): 637-650.

[3] Packard T A, Cambier J C. B lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling: initiation, amplification, and regulation[J]. F1000Prime Rep, 2013, 5(40.10): 12703.

[4] Zhong Y, Byrd J C, Dubovsky J A. The B-cell receptor pathway: a critical component of healthy and malignant immune biology[C]//Seminars in hematology. WB Saunders, 2014, 51(3): 206-218.

[5] Baba Y, Matsumoto M, Kurosaki T. Calcium signaling in B cells: regulation of cytosolic Ca 2+ increase and its sensor molecules, STIM1 and STIM2[J]. Molecular immunology, 2014, 62(2): 339-343.

[6] Adachi K, Davis M M. T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naive vs. antigen-experienced T cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(4): 1549-1554.

[7] Rincón M, Flavell R A, Davis R A. The Jnk and P38 MAP kinase signaling pathways in T cell–mediated immune responses[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28(9): 1328-1337.

[8] Bashour K T, Gondarenko A, Chen H, et al. CD28 and CD3 have complementary roles in T-cell traction forces[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(6): 2241-2246.

Products for  Immunology/Inflammation

  1. Cat.No. 产品名称 Information
  2. GC63942 Oxysophoridine

    氧化槐定碱; Sophoridine N-oxide

    Oxysophoridine (Sophoridine N-oxide) 是从 Sophora alopecuroides Linn 中提取的具有生物活性生物碱。Oxysophoridine (Sophoridine N-oxide) 具有抗发炎,抗氧化应激和抗凋亡的作用。
  3. GC63941 α-Solanine

    α-茄碱

    α-solanine 是马铃薯中的一种生物活性成分,是主要的甾体类生物碱之一,可抑制癌细胞的生长并诱导其凋亡 (apoptosis)。
  4. GC63934 Karanjin

    水黄皮素

    Karanjin 是 Fordia cauliflora 中主要的活性呋喃黄酮醇成分。Karanjin 通过提高 AMPK 的方式诱导骨骼肌细胞 GLUT4 易位。Karanjin 可通过细胞周期阻滞诱导癌细胞死亡,促进细胞凋亡。
  5. GC63933 S-Allylmercaptocysteine S-allylmercaptocysteine 是一种从大蒜中提取的有机硫化合物,对各种肺部疾病具有抗炎和抗氧化作用。S-allylmercaptocysteine 通过多种途径发挥抗癌作用,如通过 TGF-β 信号通路诱导癌细胞凋亡 (apoptosis),或通过降低 NF-κb 活性和上调 Nrf2 来达到抗炎和抗氧化的作用。
  6. GC63932 Amsilarotene

    4-[[3,5-二(三甲基硅烷基)苯甲酰基]氨基]苯甲酸,TAC-101; Am 555S

    Amsilarotene (TAC-101; Am 555S) 是一种具有口服活性的合成类视黄醇,对视黄酸受体 α (RAR-α) 具有选择性亲和力,对 RAR-α 和 RAR-β 的 Ki 值为 2.4 nM 和 400 nM。Amsilarotene 诱导人胃癌、肝细胞癌和卵巢癌细胞的凋亡 (apoptotic)。Amsilarotene 可用于癌症研究。
  7. GC63918 L-Arginine-15N4 hydrochloride

    (S)-(+)-Arginine-15N4 hydrochloride

    L-Arginine-15N4 ((S)-(+)-Arginine-15N4) hydrochloride 是一种 15N 标记的 L-Arginine hydrochloride。L-Arginine hydrochloride ((S)-(+)-Arginine hydrochloride) 为合成一氧化氮的氮供体,是血管扩张剂。
  8. GC63916 PROTAC-O4I2 PROTAC-O4I2 是一种靶向剪接因子 3B1 (SF3B1) 的 PROTAC。PROTAC-O4I2 在 K562 细胞中诱导 FLAG-SF3B1 降解,IC50 值为 0.244 μM。PROTAC-O4I2 还诱导 K562 WT 细胞凋亡 (apoptosis)。
  9. GC63905 SN-008 SN-008 是 SN-011 的低活性类似物,可用来作为阴性对照。
  10. GC63902 Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether

    血卟啉单甲醚

    Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether 是第二代卟啉类光敏剂,具有形态单一、单线态氧产率高、选择性高、毒性低等特点,广泛应用于各种肿瘤的诊断和治疗,包括肺癌、膀胱癌,脑胶质瘤与焰色痣。
  11. GC63871 Echitamine chloride

    氯化埃奇胺

    Echitamine chloride 是存在于 Alstonia 中的主要单萜吲哚生物碱,具有有效的抗肿瘤活性。Echitamine chloride 会诱导 DNA 片段化和细胞凋亡 (apoptosis)。Echitamine chloride 抑制胰腺脂肪酶 (pancreatic lipase),IC50 为 10.92 µM。
  12. GC63860 Rapanone

    拉帕酮

    Rapanone 是一种天然苯醌。Rapanone 具有广泛的生物作用,包括抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌和抗寄生虫。Rapanone 还是一种有效和选择性的人滑膜 PLA2 抑制剂,IC50 值为 2.6 μM。
  13. GC63858 Vemircopan

    ALXN2050; ACH 0145228; ACH-5228

    Vemircopan (ALXN2050) 是一种具有口服活性的补体因子 D (FD) 抑制剂。
  14. GC63845 Eribulin-d3 mesylate

    甲磺酸艾日布林 d3 (甲磺酸盐)

    Eribulin-d3 mesylate 是 Eribulin mesylate 的氘代物。Eribulin mesylate 是靶向微管 (microtubule) 的抗癌剂,可用于研究癌症。
  15. GC19924 CYM5442 A selective SIP1 receptor agonist
  16. GC19921 Phenylarsine Oxide

    氧化苯胂,Arsenoso-Benzen;FenylArsinoxid;Oxophenyl-Arsin;Oxophenylarsine;Pao;Phenyl Arsene Oxide;Phenyl ARSENOxide;PhenylARSINE Oxide

    An organoarsenic compound
  17. GC49745 ABT-263-d8

    生根粉263 d8

    An internal standard for the quantification of ABT-263
  18. GC49732 Glycine-d5

    甘氨酸-d5

    An internal standard for the quantification of glycine
  19. GC49730 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE-d11

    15(S)-HETE-SAPE-d11, 15(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid-SAPE-d11, 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylethanolamine-d11

    An internal standard for the quantification of 1-stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE
  20. GC49724 BIO-1211 (trifluoroacetate salt) A peptide inhibitor of α4β1 integrin
  21. GC49723 SenTraGor™ Cell Senescence Reagent

    GL13, SBB-A-B, SBB-Analogue (GL13) Biotin

    A cellular senescence detection reagent

  22. GC49717 Boc-LGR-pNA (acetate)

    Boc-Leu-Gly-Arg-pNA, Boc-Leu-Gly-Arg-p-Nitroanilide, Tertbutyloxycarbonyl-Leu-Gly-Arg-p-Nitroanilide

    A chromogenic substrate for endotoxins
  23. GC49708 Biliverdin (technical grade)

    去氫膽紅素

    A bile pigment
  24. GC49704 Ac-FLTD-CMK (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Ac-Phe-Leu-Thr-Asp-CMK

    An inhibitor of caspase-1, -4, -5, and -11
  25. GC49694 Hygromycin A

    匀霉素

    An antibiotic
  26. GC49693 HDAC5 (human, recombinant) Active, pure human recombinant enzyme
  27. GC49692 Tofacitinib-d3 (citrate)

    Tasocitinib-d3 citrate; CP-690550-d3 citrate

    An internal standard for the quantification of tofacitinib
  28. GC49685 Trifluoroacetyl Tripeptide-2 (acetate)

    F3Ac-Val-Tyr-Val

    A peptide inhibitor of pancreatic and neutrophil elastases
  29. GC49681 Necrosulfonamide-d4

    NSA-d4

    An internal standard for the quantification of necrosulfonamide
  30. GC49680 Clobetasone Propionate

    Clobetasone 17-Propionate

    A corticosteroid
  31. GC49676 6β-hydroxy Budesonide A metabolite of budesonide
  32. GC49674 Schizandrin

    五味子醇甲; Schizandrin; Schizandrol; Schizandrol-A

    A lignan with diverse biological activities
  33. GC49673 M04 A STING agonist
  34. GC49671 2,3-Oxidosqualene

    2,3环氧角鲨烯

    An intermediate in the biosynthesis of sterols
  35. GC49670 Indium (III) thiosemicarbazone 5b An anticancer agent
  36. GC49664 CB-1158

    INCB 01158, Numidargistat

    An arginase inhibitor
  37. GC49663 Pantoprazole sulfone N-oxide

    泮托拉唑砜N-氧化物

    A potential impurity found in bulk preparations of pantoprazole
  38. GC49661 Miltefosine-d4

    Hexadecylphosphocholine-d4, HPC-d4

    An internal standard for the quantification of miltefosine
  39. GC49652 Chlorpheniramine-d6 (maleate)

    马来酸氯苯那敏-D6,(R)-(-)-Chlorpheniramine maleate-d6; L-Chlorpheniramine maleate-d6

    An internal standard for the quantification of chlorpheniramine
  40. GC49646 Aurothioglucose (hydrate)

    Gold Thioglucose

    A TrxR inhibitor
  41. GC49640 Lansoprazole N-oxide

    2-[[[3-甲基-1-氧代-4-(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-2-吡啶]甲基]亚硫酰基]苯并咪唑

    A potential impurity found in bulk preparations of lansoprazole
  42. GC49638 Ambrisentan-d3

    安倍生坦-D3氘代

    An internal standard for the quantification of ambrisentan
  43. GC49634 Isoflupredone

    异氟泼尼松

    A glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor agonist
  44. GC49632 SACLAC An inhibitor of acid ceramidase
  45. GC49631 Fluocortolone

    氟可龙

    A glucocorticoid
  46. GC49629 6β-hydroxy Prednisolone

    泼尼松龙杂质D

    A metabolite of prednisolone
  47. GC49627 Rabeprazole sulfone

    雷贝拉唑杂质E

    A metabolite of rabeprazole
  48. GC49597 Leukotriene B4-d5

    LTB4-d5

    An internal standard for the quantification of LTB4
  49. GC49593 Cephacetrile

    头孢乙氰,Cephacetrile; Cephacetril

    A cephalosporin antibiotic
  50. GC49590 Docosahexaenoic Acid 1,2,3,4-13C

    C22:6 n-3 1,2,3,4-13C, C22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z) 1,2,3,4-13C, Cervonic Acid 1,2,3,4-13C, DHA 1,2,3,4-13C

    An internal standard for the quantification of DHA
  51. GC49584 CD74 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone PIN1) For immunochemical analysis of CD74

Items 1101 to 1150 of 4267 total

per page

Set Descending Direction