Immunology/Inflammation(免疫及炎症)
The immune and inflammation-related pathway including the Toll-like receptors pathway, the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, etc.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR4 initially recruits TIRAP and MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IRAKs, TRAF6, and the TAK1 complex, leading to early-stage activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases [1]. TLR4 is endocytosed and delivered to intracellular vesicles and forms a complex with TRAM and TRIF, which then recruits TRAF3 and the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKi. TBK1 and IKKi catalyze the phosphorylation of IRF3, leading to the expression of type I IFN [2].
BCR signaling is initiated through ligation of mIg under conditions that induce phosphorylation of the ITAMs in CD79, leading to the activation of Syk. Once Syk is activated, the BCR signal is transmitted via a series of proteins associated with the adaptor protein B-cell linker (Blnk, SLP-65). Blnk binds CD79a via non-ITAM tyrosines and is phosphorylated by Syk. Phospho-Blnk acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the other components, including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), Vav 1, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) [3]. Following the assembly of the BCR-signalosome, GRB2 binds and activates the Ras-guanine exchange factor SOS, which in turn activates the small GTPase RAS. The original RAS signal is transmitted and amplified through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which including the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase RAF followed by MEK and extracellular signal related kinases ERK 1 and 2 [4]. After stimulation of BCR, CD19 is phosphorylated by Lyn. Phosphorylated CD19 activates PI3K by binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K and produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) from PIP2, and PIP3 transmits signals downstream [5].
Central process of T cells responding to specific antigens is the binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to specific peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex which expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once TCR connected with its ligand, the ζ-chain–associated protein kinase 70 molecules (Zap-70) are recruited to the TCR-CD3 site and activated, resulting in an initiation of several signaling cascades. Once stimulation, Zap-70 forms complexes with several molecules including SLP-76; and a sequential protein kinase cascade is initiated, consisting of MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase (MAPK) [6]. Two MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, have been reported to be the primary activators of JNK. MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6 are activators of P38 MAP kinase [7]. MAP kinase pathways are major pathways induced by TCR stimulation, and they play a key role in T-cell responses.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) binds to the cytosolic domain of CD28, leading to conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, activation of PKB (Akt) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and subsequent signaling transduction [8].
References
[1] Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors[J]. Nature immunology, 2010, 11(5): 373-384.
[2] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity[J]. Immunity, 2011, 34(5): 637-650.
[3] Packard T A, Cambier J C. B lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling: initiation, amplification, and regulation[J]. F1000Prime Rep, 2013, 5(40.10): 12703.
[4] Zhong Y, Byrd J C, Dubovsky J A. The B-cell receptor pathway: a critical component of healthy and malignant immune biology[C]//Seminars in hematology. WB Saunders, 2014, 51(3): 206-218.
[5] Baba Y, Matsumoto M, Kurosaki T. Calcium signaling in B cells: regulation of cytosolic Ca 2+ increase and its sensor molecules, STIM1 and STIM2[J]. Molecular immunology, 2014, 62(2): 339-343.
[6] Adachi K, Davis M M. T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naive vs. antigen-experienced T cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(4): 1549-1554.
[7] Rincón M, Flavell R A, Davis R A. The Jnk and P38 MAP kinase signaling pathways in T cell–mediated immune responses[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28(9): 1328-1337.
[8] Bashour K T, Gondarenko A, Chen H, et al. CD28 and CD3 have complementary roles in T-cell traction forces[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(6): 2241-2246.
Products for Immunology/Inflammation
- 5-Lipoxygenase(10)
- Papain(1)
- PGDS(1)
- PGE synthase(24)
- SIKs(11)
- IκB/IKK(64)
- AP-1(6)
- KEAP1-Nrf2(65)
- NOD1(1)
- TLR(139)
- NF-κB(235)
- Interleukin Related(167)
- 15-lipoxygenase(2)
- Others(63)
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor(35)
- CD73(14)
- Complement System(57)
- Galectin(12)
- IFNAR(25)
- NO Synthase(74)
- NOD-like Receptor (NLR)(50)
- STING(104)
- Reactive Oxygen Species(454)
- Apoptosis(780)
- FKBP(20)
- eNOS(5)
- iNOS(29)
- nNOS(20)
- Glutathione(55)
- Adaptive Immunity(209)
- Allergy(124)
- Arthritis(34)
- Autoimmunity(179)
- Gastric Disease(95)
- Immunosuppressants(37)
- Immunotherapeutics(4)
- Innate Immunity(560)
- Pulmonary Diseases(108)
- Reactive Nitrogen Species(50)
- Reactive Sulfur Species(28)
- Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators(50)
- Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase(2)
- BCL6(3)
- CD20(3)
- CD28(1)
- FAP(7)
- PSMA(7)
- Nuclear Factor of activated T Cells (NFAT)(1)
- Glycoprotein VI(1)
- Tim3(2)
- Hapten(1)
- Nectin-4(2)
- Cat.No. 产品名称 Information
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GC49372
Kaempferol 7-neohesperidoside
山柰酚-7-O-新橙皮糖苷
A flavonoid glycoside with antioxidant and anticancer activities -
GC49368
L-Methionine-d3
L-蛋氨酸-d3
An internal standard for the quantification of L-methionine -
GC49365
25-Desacetyl Rifampicin
25-乙酰-3-[(五)-[(4-甲基-1-哌嗪基)亚胺]甲基]利福霉素
A major active metabolite of rifampicin -
GC49364
3-Hydroxycoumarin
3-羟基香豆素
A coumarin with diverse biological activities -
GC49360
Antimycin A Complex
抗霉素
一种细菌代谢物复合物
-
GC49344
Fisetin-d5
An internal standard for the quantification of fisetin
-
GC49343
Isoproterenol-d7 (hydrochloride)
Isoprenaline-d7
An internal standard for the quantification of isoproterenol -
GC49341
Spermidine-d6
An internal standard for the quantification of spermidine
-
GC49339
5(6)-Carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate
5[6]-羧基-2',7'-二氯荧光素二乙酸酯
An oxidant-sensitive fluorescent probe -
GC49337
4-Acetamidobenzenesulfonamide
对乙酰胺基苯磺酰胺
A metabolite of asulam and sulfanilamide -
GC49336
AMK (hydrochloride)
N-γ-acetyl-5-Methoxykynurenamine, N1-acetyl-5-Methoxykynuramine
An active metabolite of melatonin -
GC49333
SH-42
An inhibitor of DHCR24
-
GC49329
Turkesterone (hydrate)
A phytoecdysteroid with diverse biological activities
-
GC49314
Arecaidine propargyl ester (hydrobromide)
1,2,5,6-四氢-1-甲基-3-吡啶羧酸2-丙炔-1-基酯氢溴酸盐
A muscarinic M2 agonist -
GC49313
Picosulfate (sodium salt hydrate)
匹可硫酸钠一水合物
A stimulant laxative and prodrug form of desacetyl bisacodyl -
GC49312
7-Fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-sulfonate (ammonium salt)
7-苯并呋咱-4-磺酸铵
A thiol-reactive fluorogenic probe -
GC49309
A-943931 (hydrochloride hydrate)
A histamine H4 receptor antagonist
-
GC49308
Ungeremine
石蒜碱内铵盐
A betaine-type alkaloid with diverse biological activities -
GC49306
Isopimaric Acid
异海松酸
A diterpenoid resin acid -
GC49303
Ganoderic Acid DM
灵芝酸 DM
A triterpenoid with diverse biological activities -
GC49302
Bactenecin (bovine) (trifluoroacetate salt)
H-Arg-Leu-Cys-Arg-Ile-Val-Val-Ile-Arg-Val-Cys-Arg-OH, RLCRIVVIRVCR-OH
A cationic peptide -
GC49294
1-(4-Chlorobenzhydryl)piperazine
1-(4-氯二苯甲基)哌嗪
An inactive metabolite of meclizine and chlorcyclizine -
GC49290
Indoxyl Sulfate-d5 (potassium salt)
An internal standard for the quantification of indoxyl sulfate
-
GC49289
Dolutegravir O-β-D-Glucuronide
Dolutegravir Glucuronide, DTG Glucuronide
A metabolite of dolutegravir -
GC49288
Dolutegravir M1
多替拉韦杂质
A metabolite of dolutegravir -
GC49287
Faropenem (sodium salt hydrate)
法罗培南钠2.5水合物
A penem antibiotic -
GC49285
Adenosine 5’-methylenediphosphate (hydrate)
Adenosine 5'-(α,β-methylene)diphosphate, AMP-CP, APCP, 5'-APCP
An inhibitor of ecto-5’-nucleotidase -
GC49284
GSK-A1
A PI4KIIIα inhibitor
-
GC49283
2-O-(α-D-Glucopyranosyl)glycerol
Glucosylglycerol, Glycoin
A compatible solute -
GC49282
Hydroxy Lenalidomide
羟基来那度胺
A metabolite of lenalidomide -
GC49279
Resolvin D2 n-3 DPA
7(S),16(R),17(S)-Resolvin D2 n-3 DPA, RvD2 n-3 DPA
A specialized pro-resolving mediator -
GC49275
8-Oxycoptisine
8-氧黄连碱
An isoquinoline alkaloid with anticancer and gastroprotective activities -
GC49274
Cefalonium
头孢洛宁
A cephalosporin antibiotic -
GC49271
Glufosinate-d3 (hydrochloride)
An internal standard for the quantification of glufosinate
-
GC49270
Nicotinamide-d4
氘代烟酰胺,Niacinamide-d4; Nicotinic acid amide-d4
An internal standard for the quantification of nicotinamide -
GC49268
(+)-δ-Cadinene
Δ-杜松烯
A sesquiterpene with antimicrobial and anticancer activities -
GC49267
Hygromycin B-d4
An internal standard for the quantification of hygromycin
-
GC49266
Compstatin (trifluoroacetate salt)
ICVVQDWGHHRCT
A peptide inhibitor of complement activation -
GC49265
PKI (14-22) amide (myristoylated) (trifluoroacetate salt)
Myr-Gly-Arg-Thr-Gly-Arg-Arg-Asn-Ala-Ile-NH2, Myr-GRTGRRNAI-NH2, Myristoylated PKI-(14-22)-amide, PKI-(Myr-14-22)-amide
A PKA inhibitor -
GC49263
Ac2-26 (human) (ammonium salt)
Ac-AMVSEFLKQAWFIENEEQEYVQTVK-OH, Ac-ANX-A12-26, N-Acetyl-AMVSEFLKQAWFIENEEQEYVQTVK
An annexin A1-mimetic peptide -
GC49259
Antagonist G (trifluoroacetate salt)
Arg-D-Trp-NmePhe-D-Trp-Leu-Met-NH2, Arg6,D-Trp7,9,NmePhe8-substance P (6-11)
A neuropeptide antagonist -
GC49256
N-acetyl Lenalidomide
N-乙酰来那度胺
A metabolite of lenalidomide -
GC49251
Oxaliplatin-d10
Lipoxal-d10
An internal standard for the quantification of oxaliplatin -
GC49244
4-oxo Isotretinoin
4-酮13-顺式维甲酸
An active metabolite of isotretinoin -
GC49243
Quassin
苦木素,Nigakilactone D
A quassinoid with diverse biological activities -
GC49241
Methyl Diethyldithiocarbamate
S-甲基N,N二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸
An active metabolite of disulfiram -
GC49238
93-O17S
An ionizable cationic lipidoid
-
GC49237
93-O17O
An ionizable cationic lipidoid
-
GC49235
6-Methylmercaptopurine
6-甲巯基嘌呤
A metabolite of 6-mercaptopurine -
GC49233
5-Feruloylquinic Acid
5-O-阿魏酰奎尼酸
A chlorogenic acid with antioxidant activity