Immunology/Inflammation(免疫及炎症)
The immune and inflammation-related pathway including the Toll-like receptors pathway, the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, etc.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR4 initially recruits TIRAP and MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IRAKs, TRAF6, and the TAK1 complex, leading to early-stage activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases [1]. TLR4 is endocytosed and delivered to intracellular vesicles and forms a complex with TRAM and TRIF, which then recruits TRAF3 and the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKi. TBK1 and IKKi catalyze the phosphorylation of IRF3, leading to the expression of type I IFN [2].
BCR signaling is initiated through ligation of mIg under conditions that induce phosphorylation of the ITAMs in CD79, leading to the activation of Syk. Once Syk is activated, the BCR signal is transmitted via a series of proteins associated with the adaptor protein B-cell linker (Blnk, SLP-65). Blnk binds CD79a via non-ITAM tyrosines and is phosphorylated by Syk. Phospho-Blnk acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the other components, including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), Vav 1, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) [3]. Following the assembly of the BCR-signalosome, GRB2 binds and activates the Ras-guanine exchange factor SOS, which in turn activates the small GTPase RAS. The original RAS signal is transmitted and amplified through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which including the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase RAF followed by MEK and extracellular signal related kinases ERK 1 and 2 [4]. After stimulation of BCR, CD19 is phosphorylated by Lyn. Phosphorylated CD19 activates PI3K by binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K and produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) from PIP2, and PIP3 transmits signals downstream [5].
Central process of T cells responding to specific antigens is the binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to specific peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex which expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once TCR connected with its ligand, the ζ-chain–associated protein kinase 70 molecules (Zap-70) are recruited to the TCR-CD3 site and activated, resulting in an initiation of several signaling cascades. Once stimulation, Zap-70 forms complexes with several molecules including SLP-76; and a sequential protein kinase cascade is initiated, consisting of MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase (MAPK) [6]. Two MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, have been reported to be the primary activators of JNK. MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6 are activators of P38 MAP kinase [7]. MAP kinase pathways are major pathways induced by TCR stimulation, and they play a key role in T-cell responses.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) binds to the cytosolic domain of CD28, leading to conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, activation of PKB (Akt) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and subsequent signaling transduction [8].
References
[1] Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors[J]. Nature immunology, 2010, 11(5): 373-384.
[2] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity[J]. Immunity, 2011, 34(5): 637-650.
[3] Packard T A, Cambier J C. B lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling: initiation, amplification, and regulation[J]. F1000Prime Rep, 2013, 5(40.10): 12703.
[4] Zhong Y, Byrd J C, Dubovsky J A. The B-cell receptor pathway: a critical component of healthy and malignant immune biology[C]//Seminars in hematology. WB Saunders, 2014, 51(3): 206-218.
[5] Baba Y, Matsumoto M, Kurosaki T. Calcium signaling in B cells: regulation of cytosolic Ca 2+ increase and its sensor molecules, STIM1 and STIM2[J]. Molecular immunology, 2014, 62(2): 339-343.
[6] Adachi K, Davis M M. T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naive vs. antigen-experienced T cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(4): 1549-1554.
[7] Rincón M, Flavell R A, Davis R A. The Jnk and P38 MAP kinase signaling pathways in T cell–mediated immune responses[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28(9): 1328-1337.
[8] Bashour K T, Gondarenko A, Chen H, et al. CD28 and CD3 have complementary roles in T-cell traction forces[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(6): 2241-2246.
Products for Immunology/Inflammation
- 5-Lipoxygenase(10)
- Papain(1)
- PGDS(1)
- PGE synthase(24)
- SIKs(11)
- IκB/IKK(64)
- AP-1(6)
- KEAP1-Nrf2(65)
- NOD1(1)
- TLR(139)
- NF-κB(235)
- Interleukin Related(167)
- 15-lipoxygenase(2)
- Others(63)
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor(35)
- CD73(14)
- Complement System(57)
- Galectin(12)
- IFNAR(25)
- NO Synthase(74)
- NOD-like Receptor (NLR)(50)
- STING(104)
- Reactive Oxygen Species(454)
- Apoptosis(780)
- FKBP(20)
- eNOS(5)
- iNOS(29)
- nNOS(20)
- Glutathione(55)
- Adaptive Immunity(209)
- Allergy(124)
- Arthritis(34)
- Autoimmunity(179)
- Gastric Disease(95)
- Immunosuppressants(37)
- Immunotherapeutics(4)
- Innate Immunity(560)
- Pulmonary Diseases(108)
- Reactive Nitrogen Species(50)
- Reactive Sulfur Species(28)
- Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators(50)
- Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase(2)
- BCL6(3)
- CD20(3)
- CD28(1)
- FAP(7)
- PSMA(7)
- Nuclear Factor of activated T Cells (NFAT)(1)
- Glycoprotein VI(1)
- Tim3(2)
- Hapten(1)
- Nectin-4(2)
- Cat.No. 产品名称 Information
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GC48639
Lornoxicam-d4
氯诺昔康-D4,Chlortenoxicam-d4; Ro 13-9297-d4
An internal standard for the quantification of lornoxicam -
GC48619
Nanangenine B
A drimane sesquiterpene
-
GC48618
Isonanangenine B
SF002-96-1
A drimane sesquiterpene lactone -
GC48614
IMP-1710
A clickable UCH-L1 inhibitor
-
GC48611
Ambroxol-d5
盐酸氨溴索D5
An internal standard for the quantification of ambroxol -
GC48610
GSK3987
A dual agonist of LXRα and LXRβ
-
GC48593
Cefprozil-d4
An internal standard for the quantification of cefprozil
-
GC48580
Penicolinate B
Penicolinate A monomethyl ester
A fungal metabolite with diverse biological activities -
GC48565
Ofloxacin-d8 (hydrochloride)
Hoe-280-d8 hydrochloride
An internal standard for the quantification of ofloxacin -
GC48554
Isoreserpiline
3-Isoreserpilinic Acid, methyl ester, Neoreserpiline
An indole alkaloid with diverse biological activities -
GC48547
Sartorypyrone D
A fungal metabolite
-
GC48546
Emeguisin A
A fungal metabolite
-
GC48528
Piericidin B
A bacterial metabolite with insecticidal and antimicrobial activities
-
GC48523
HSGN-218
A gut-restrictive antibiotic
-
GC48520
Betulonaldehyde
白桦脂醛,半合成
A pentacyclic triterpenoid -
GC48516
Nafcillin-d5 (sodium salt)
An internal standard for the quantification of nafcillin
-
GC48511
Avrainvillamide
(+)-Avrainvillamide; CJ-17,665
A fungal metabolite -
GC48509
Apigenin 7-O-Glucuronide (hydrate)
Apigenin 7-O-glucuronide is a flavonoid that has been found in J
-
GC48507
Kaempferol 3-O-galactoside
三叶豆苷,Trifolin
A flavonoid with diverse biological activities -
GC48504
Betulinic Aldehyde oxime
桦木醛肟,半合成
A derivative of betulin -
GC48503
28-Deoxybetulin methyleneamine
A derivative of betulin
-
GC48501
Preterramide C
A fungal metabolite
-
GC48498
Sarpogrelate-d3 (hydrochloride)
MCI-9042-d3
An internal standard for the quantification of sarpogrelate -
GC48496
Clobetasol Propionate-d5
CCI-4725-d5, CGP 9555-d5, Clobetasol 17-propionate-d5
An internal standard for the quantification of clobetasol propionate -
GC48495
BMS-P5
A PAD4 inhibitor
-
GC48493
PCI 45227
依鲁替尼代谢物,PCI-45227
An active metabolite of ibrutinib -
GC48489
Cefadroxil-d4 (trifluoroacetate salt)
An internal standard for the quantification of cefadroxil
-
GC48488
3-Oxobetulin Acetate
28-O-acetyl-3-Oxobetulin, 3-oxo-28-O-Acetylbetulin
A derivative of betulin -
GC48484
Neosartoricin
A prenylated tricyclic polyketide
-
GC48482
28-Acetylbetulin
28-acetoxy Betulin, 28-O-Acetylbetulin, C-28-Acetylbetulin
A lupane triterpenoid with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities -
GC48472
Aranciamycin A
An antibiotic
-
GC48470
Ac-DEVD-CHO (trifluoroacetate salt)
N-Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-CHO
A dual caspase-3/caspase-7 inhibitor -
GC48464
GC376 (sodium salt)
An inhibitor of 3C- and 3C-like proteases
-
GC48461
rac-trans-4-hydroxy Glyburide
4-trans-hydroxycyclohexyl Glyburide, 4-trans-hydroxy Glibenclamide
An active metabolite of glyburide -
GC48458
Betulinic glycine amide
A derivative of betulinic acid
-
GC48457
3-keto Fusidic Acid
3-酮基夫西地酸(欧洲药典标准品)
An active metabolite of fusidic acid -
GC48452
Taurocholic Acid-d4 MaxSpec® Standard
N-Choloyltaurine-d4
A quantitative analytical standard guaranteed to meet MaxSpec identity, purity, stability, and concentration specifications -
GC48449
28-(Poc-amino)betulin
An alkyne derivative of betulin
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GC48447
TAS 205
An inhibitor of H-PGDS
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GC48445
Hygromycin B (hydrate)
An aminoglycoside antibiotic
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GC48443
Cefsulodin (sodium salt hydrate)
头孢磺吡苄钠盐
A cephalosporin antibiotic -
GC48442
Tryptoquivaline D
Nortryptoquivaline, NSC 292204
A fungal metabolite with anticancer activity -
GC48439
IMP-1700
An inhibitor of bacterial DNA repair
-
GC48437
4'-Acetyl Chrysomycin A
A bacterial metabolite with antibacterial and anticancer activities
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GC48436
4'-Acetylchrysomycin B
A bacterial metabolite with antibacterial and anticancer activities
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GC48435
5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-Glucuronide (cyclohexylammonium salt hydrate)
BCIG, X-GLUC
A chromogenic substrate for β-glucuronidase -
GC48434
Elsinochrome A
痂囊腔菌素AELSINOCHROMEA
A fungal metabolite -
GC48433
BX-320
N1-[3-[[5-溴-2-[[3-[(1-吡咯烷基羰基)氨基]苯基]氨基]-4-嘧啶基]氨基]丙基]-2,2-二甲基丙烷二酰胺
An inhibitor of PDK1 -
GC48431
Talaromycesone A
A fungal metabolite
-
GC48430
Ac-DEVD-CMK (trifluoroacetate salt)
AcAspGluValAspCMK, Caspase3 Inhibitor III
An inhibitor of caspase-3