Immunology/Inflammation(免疫及炎症)
The immune and inflammation-related pathway including the Toll-like receptors pathway, the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, etc.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR4 initially recruits TIRAP and MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IRAKs, TRAF6, and the TAK1 complex, leading to early-stage activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases [1]. TLR4 is endocytosed and delivered to intracellular vesicles and forms a complex with TRAM and TRIF, which then recruits TRAF3 and the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKi. TBK1 and IKKi catalyze the phosphorylation of IRF3, leading to the expression of type I IFN [2].
BCR signaling is initiated through ligation of mIg under conditions that induce phosphorylation of the ITAMs in CD79, leading to the activation of Syk. Once Syk is activated, the BCR signal is transmitted via a series of proteins associated with the adaptor protein B-cell linker (Blnk, SLP-65). Blnk binds CD79a via non-ITAM tyrosines and is phosphorylated by Syk. Phospho-Blnk acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the other components, including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), Vav 1, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) [3]. Following the assembly of the BCR-signalosome, GRB2 binds and activates the Ras-guanine exchange factor SOS, which in turn activates the small GTPase RAS. The original RAS signal is transmitted and amplified through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which including the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase RAF followed by MEK and extracellular signal related kinases ERK 1 and 2 [4]. After stimulation of BCR, CD19 is phosphorylated by Lyn. Phosphorylated CD19 activates PI3K by binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K and produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) from PIP2, and PIP3 transmits signals downstream [5].
Central process of T cells responding to specific antigens is the binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to specific peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex which expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once TCR connected with its ligand, the ζ-chain–associated protein kinase 70 molecules (Zap-70) are recruited to the TCR-CD3 site and activated, resulting in an initiation of several signaling cascades. Once stimulation, Zap-70 forms complexes with several molecules including SLP-76; and a sequential protein kinase cascade is initiated, consisting of MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase (MAPK) [6]. Two MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, have been reported to be the primary activators of JNK. MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6 are activators of P38 MAP kinase [7]. MAP kinase pathways are major pathways induced by TCR stimulation, and they play a key role in T-cell responses.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) binds to the cytosolic domain of CD28, leading to conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, activation of PKB (Akt) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and subsequent signaling transduction [8].
References
[1] Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors[J]. Nature immunology, 2010, 11(5): 373-384.
[2] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity[J]. Immunity, 2011, 34(5): 637-650.
[3] Packard T A, Cambier J C. B lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling: initiation, amplification, and regulation[J]. F1000Prime Rep, 2013, 5(40.10): 12703.
[4] Zhong Y, Byrd J C, Dubovsky J A. The B-cell receptor pathway: a critical component of healthy and malignant immune biology[C]//Seminars in hematology. WB Saunders, 2014, 51(3): 206-218.
[5] Baba Y, Matsumoto M, Kurosaki T. Calcium signaling in B cells: regulation of cytosolic Ca 2+ increase and its sensor molecules, STIM1 and STIM2[J]. Molecular immunology, 2014, 62(2): 339-343.
[6] Adachi K, Davis M M. T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naive vs. antigen-experienced T cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(4): 1549-1554.
[7] Rincón M, Flavell R A, Davis R A. The Jnk and P38 MAP kinase signaling pathways in T cell–mediated immune responses[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28(9): 1328-1337.
[8] Bashour K T, Gondarenko A, Chen H, et al. CD28 and CD3 have complementary roles in T-cell traction forces[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(6): 2241-2246.
Products for Immunology/Inflammation
- 5-Lipoxygenase(10)
- Papain(1)
- PGDS(1)
- PGE synthase(24)
- SIKs(11)
- IκB/IKK(64)
- AP-1(6)
- KEAP1-Nrf2(65)
- NOD1(1)
- TLR(139)
- NF-κB(235)
- Interleukin Related(167)
- 15-lipoxygenase(2)
- Others(63)
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor(35)
- CD73(14)
- Complement System(57)
- Galectin(12)
- IFNAR(25)
- NO Synthase(74)
- NOD-like Receptor (NLR)(50)
- STING(104)
- Reactive Oxygen Species(454)
- Apoptosis(781)
- FKBP(20)
- eNOS(5)
- iNOS(29)
- nNOS(20)
- Glutathione(55)
- Adaptive Immunity(209)
- Allergy(124)
- Arthritis(34)
- Autoimmunity(179)
- Gastric Disease(95)
- Immunosuppressants(37)
- Immunotherapeutics(4)
- Innate Immunity(560)
- Pulmonary Diseases(108)
- Reactive Nitrogen Species(50)
- Reactive Sulfur Species(28)
- Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators(50)
- Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase(2)
- BCL6(3)
- CD20(3)
- CD28(1)
- FAP(7)
- PSMA(7)
- Nuclear Factor of activated T Cells (NFAT)(1)
- Glycoprotein VI(1)
- Tim3(2)
- Hapten(1)
- Nectin-4(2)
- Cat.No. 产品名称 Information
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GC41875
11(Z),14(Z)-Eicosadienoic Acid methyl ester
(11Z,14Z)-11,14-二十碳二烯酸甲酯
A more lipid soluble form of 11(Z),14(Z)-eicosadienoic acid -
GC41868
10-Nitrooleate
10-硝基油酸,CXA-10
A novel endogenous lipid signalling molecule -
GC41866
10-methyl-9-(phenoxycarbonyl) Acridinium (trifluoromethylsulfonate)
9-[(苯氧基)羰基]-10甲基三氟甲酰胺磺酸盐
A chemiluminescent acridinium ester -
GC41865
10'-Desmethoxystreptonigrin
10-去甲氧基链黑霉素
An antibiotic -
GC41855
1,3-Distearoyl-2-Oleoyl-rac-glycerol
1,3-Distearin-2-Olein, TG(18:0/18:1/18:0)
A triacylglycerol -
GC41837
1,3,7-Trimethyluric Acid
1,3,7-三甲基尿酸,8-oxo Caffeine, NSC 11259
A metabolite of caffeine -
GC41742
(Z-IETD)2-Rh 110 (trifluoroacetate salt)
(Z-Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp)2-R110, Rhodamine 110 bis-(N-CBZ-IETD)2
A fluorogenic substrate for caspase-8 -
GC41740
(S)-p38 MAPK Inhibitor III
(S)-p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitor III, (S)-p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Inhibitor III
A cell-permeable p38 MAP kinase inhibitor -
GC41721
(R)-α-Lipoic Acid
硫辛酸; (R)-(+)-α-Lipoic acid; R-(+)-Thioctic acid
A cyclic disulfide antioxidant -
GC41717
(R)-Gyramide A (hydrochloride)
(R)-534F6
A bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitor -
GC41712
(R)-3-hydroxy Myristic Acid
3-羟基肉豆蔻酸
A component of lipid A -
GC41703
(E)-C-HDMAPP (ammonium salt)
(E)5hydroxy4methylpent3enyl pyrophosphate
Activator of γδ-T-lymphocytes -
GC41702
(E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)uracil
(E)-5-(2-溴乙烯基)-2-脱氧尿苷
A pyrimidine base -
GC41700
(E)-2-(2-Chlorostyryl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine
CSTMP
A stilbene derivative with antioxidant and anticancer activities -
GC41698
(D)2-Rh 110 (trifluoroacetate salt)
D2R, (Asp)2-Rhodamine 110, Rhodamine 110 bis-(L-aspartic acid amide)
A fluorogenic caspase substrate -
GC41697
(Ala1)-PAR4 (1-6) amide (mouse) (trifluoroacetate salt)
AY-NH2, AYPGKF-NH2, H-Ala-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Lys-Phe-NH2, PAR4-AP, Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4 Activating Peptide
A peptide agonist of PAR4 -
GC41655
(±)19(20)-EDP Ethanolamide
19,20-DHEA epoxide, 19,20-epoxy Docosapentaenoic Acid Ethanolamide, 19,20-EDP-EA, 19,20-EDP epoxide
An ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxide and CB receptor agonist -
GC41640
Asterriquinol D dimethyl ether
A fungal metabolite
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GC41638
TSI-01
TSI-01是溶血磷脂酰胆碱酰基转移酶2(LPCAT2)的选择性抑制剂,对人 LPCAT2和LPCAT1的IC50值分别为0.47和3.02µM。
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GC41630
H2S Donor 5a
N-(苯甲酰基硫基)苯甲酰胺,N-(Benzoylthio)benzamide
H2S(硫化氢)供体 5a 作为稳定的半胱氨酸活化硫化氢供体,可以与半胱氨酸和还原型谷胱甘肽等含有巯基的还原剂反应,释放出 H2S。 -
GC41627
Kumbicin C
A fungal metabolite
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GC41626
Sappanone A
Sappanone A是一种具有较强抗氧化和抗炎活性的同型异黄酮。
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GC41623
β-Elemonic Acid
β-岚香酮酸
A triterpene with anticancer activity -
GC41620
(R)-(-)-Mellein
(R)-蜂蜜曲菌素,以及(S)-蜂蜜曲菌素,(R)-Mellein
A dihydroisocoumarin compound with antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal , and anticancer effects -
GC41617
(±)-α-Tocopherol
β-生育酚
A biologically active form of vitamin E -
GC41616
Methylcardol triene
A phenol from cashew nut shell liquid
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GC41612
2'-O-Methylguanosine
2'-甲氧基鸟苷
A modified nucleoside -
GC41609
trans-Urocanic Acid
尿刊酸,(E)-Urocanic acid; trans-UCA
A major epidermal chromophore -
GC41601
CAY10591
SIRT1 Activator 3, Sirtuin 1 Activator 3
A SIRT1 activator -
GC41598
Tyrocidine Complex
An antibiotic complex
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GC41595
Matairesinol
罗汉松脂素
A lignan with diverse biological activities -
GC41587
cis-Vaccenic Acid
顺-十八碳烯酸
An ω-7 fatty acid -
GC41584
Penicolinate A
Penicolinate B dimethyl ester
A fungal metabolite with diverse biological activities -
GC41583
BCN-E-BCN
A probe for sulfenylated proteins
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GC41575
N-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-L-Homoserine lactone
OHC8HSL
A C8 quorum-sensing lactone -
GC41573
Theaflavin 3,3'-digallate
茶黄素-3,3'-双没食子酸; TF-3; ZP10
Theaflavin 3,3'-digallate(茶黄素-3,3'-双没食子酸; TF-3; ZP10)是一种有效的寨卡病毒(ZIKV)蛋白酶抑制剂,IC50值为2.3μM。 -
GC41569
tetranor-PGDM lactone
tetranorProstaglandin D Metabolite lactone
A potential metabolite of PGD2 -
GC41568
tetranor-PGAM
tetranorProstaglandin A Metabolite
A dehydration product of tetranor-PGEM -
GC41566
Malioxamycin
An antibiotic
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GC41563
Globosuxanthone A
A fungal metabolite
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GC41555
Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Val)
DKP101516
A bacterial metabolite -
GC41533
Silybin
水飞蓟宾
Hepatoprotective flavonoid and 5-LO inhibitor -
GC41531
Anacardic Acid Triene
Anacardic Acid 15:3
A polyunsaturated form of anacardic acid -
GC41520
Lachnone A
A fungal metabolite
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GC41517
Linoleic Acid ethyl ester
亚油酸乙酯,Linoleic Acid ethyl ester
An esterified form of linoleic acid -
GC41502
β-Myrcene
月桂烯; β-Myrcene
A terpene with antioxidative properties -
GC41499
α-Phellandrene
水芹烯
A monoterpene with diverse biological activities -
GC41490
Aureusimine B
Phevalin
A natural pyrazinone -
GC41471
6-deoxy-L-Talose
6-脱氧-L-塔罗糖
A microbial monosaccharide -
GC41467
Reveromycin D
雷弗霉素D
A bacterial metabolite