Rhein-13C6

Rhein-¹³C₆ is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of rhein by GC- or LC-MS. Rhein is an anthraquinone derivative that has been found in R. rhabarbarum and is an active metabolite of diacerein that has diverse biological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.^1,2,3,4 It induces cell cycle arrest at the S phase and inhibits the proliferation of HepG2 cells when used at concentrations of 40 and 100 ?M, respectively.¹ Rhein (100 and 200 ?M) also inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-435s breast cancer cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.² It reduces controlled cortical impact-induced decreases in catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, and glutathione disulfide levels in the brain in a rat model of traumatic brain injury when administered at a dose of 12 mg/kg.³ Rhein (50 mg/kg per day) reduces cerulein-induced increases in serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and amylase levels, as well as reduces pancreatic glandular atrophy and fibrosis, in a mouse model of chronic pancreatitis.⁴

References:
[1]. Liu, S., Wang, J., Shao, T., et al.The natural agent rhein induces β-catenin degradation and tumour growth arrestJ. Cell. Mol. Med.22(1)589-599(2018).
[2]. Fernand, V.E., Losso, J.N., Traux, R.E., et al.Rhein inhibits angiogenesis and the viability of hormone-dependent and -independent cancer cells under normoxic or hypoxic conditions in vitroChem. Biol. Interact.192(3)220-232(2011).
[3]. Xu, X., Lv, H., Xia, Z., et al.Rhein exhibits antioxidative effects similar to Rhubarb in a rat model of traumatic brain injuryBMC Complement. Altern. Med.17(1)140(2017).
[4]. Tsang, S.W., Zhang, H., Lin, C., et al.Rhein, a natural anthraquinone derivative, attenuates the activation of pancreatic stellate cells and ameliorates pancreatic fibrosis in mice with experimental chronic pancreatitisPLoS One8(12)e82201(2013).