Simazine
(Synonyms: 西马嗪；西玛津) 目录号 : GC49431
A triazine herbicide
Cas No.:122-34-9
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >96.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Simazine is a triazine herbicide.1,2,3 Pre-emergent application of simazine (1 kg/ha) controls annual and perennial monocot and dicot weeds and increases crop yield in sorghum crops.1 It also controls weed emergence in kharif maize crops when applied at a concentration of 2 kg/ha.2 Simazine (200 and 400 mg/kg) induces spleen cell apoptosis and reduces the proliferation of B and T cells in mice.3 Formulations containing simazine have been used in the control of broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in agriculture.
1.Patro, G.K., Tosh, G.C., and Nayak, B.C.Weed control in sorghum through cultural and chemical methodsIndian J. Agric. Sci.42(12)1128-1131(1972) 2.Jadhav, S.N., and Khuspe, V.S.Relative efficacy of varying levels and times of application of simazine and atrazine on the control of weeds and yield of kharif maize (Zea mays Linn)J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ.6(2)169-171(1981) 3.Ren, R., Sun, D.-J., Yan, H., et al.Oral exposure to the herbicide simazine induces mouse spleen immunotoxicity and immune cell apoptosisToxicol. Pathol.41(1)63-72(2013)
| Cas No. | 122-34-9 | SDF | |
| 别名 | 西马嗪；西玛津 | ||
| Canonical SMILES | ClC1=NC(NCC)=NC(NCC)=N1 | ||
| 分子式 | C7H12ClN5 | 分子量 | 201.7 |
| 溶解度 | DMSO : 16.67 mg/mL (82.66 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C) | 储存条件 | -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 4.9579 mL | 24.7893 mL | 49.5786 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.9916 mL | 4.9579 mL | 9.9157 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.4958 mL | 2.4789 mL | 4.9579 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
Simazine Enhances Dark Fermentative H2 Production by Unicellular Halotolerant Cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica
Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022 Jul 15;10:904101.PMID:35910023DOI:10.3389/fbioe.2022.904101.
The halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica is a potential H2 producer that induces H2 evolution under nitrogen deprivation. H2 is mainly produced via the catabolism of stored glycogen under dark anaerobic condition. H2 evolution is catalyzed by O2-sensitive bidirectional hydrogenase. The aim of this study was to improve H2 production by A. halophytica using various kinds of inhibitors. Among all types of inhibitors, Simazine efficiently promoted the highest H2 production under dark conditions. High Simazine concentration and long-term incubation resulted in a decrease in cell and chlorophyll concentrations. The optimal Simazine concentration for H2 production by A. halophytica was 25 µM. Simazine inhibited photosynthetic O2 evolution but promoted dark respiration, resulting in a decrease in O2 level. Hence, the bidirectional hydrogenase activity and H2 production was increased. A. halophytica showed the highest H2 production rate at 58.88 ± 0.22 µmol H2 g-1 dry weight h-1 and H2 accumulation at 356.21 ± 6.04 μmol H2 g-1 dry weight after treatment with 25 µM Simazine under dark anaerobic condition for 2 and 24 h, respectively. This study demonstrates the potential of Simazine for the enhancement of dark fermentative H2 production by A. halophytica.
Chemistry and fate of Simazine
Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2007;189:1-23.PMID:17193734DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-35368-5_1.
Simazine, first introduced in 1956, is a popular agricultural herbicide used to inhibit photosynthesis in broadleaf weeds and grasses. It is a member of the triazine family, and according to its physicochemical properties, it is slightly soluble in water, relatively nonvolatile, capable of partitioning into organic phases, and susceptible to photolysis. Sorption and desorption studies on its behavior in soils indicate that Simazine does not appreciably sorb to minerals and has the potential to leach in clay and sandy soils. The presence of organic matter in soils contributes to Simazine retention but delays its degradation. The primary sorptive mechanism of Simazine to OM has been proposed to be via partitioning and/or by the interaction with functional groups of the sorbent. Farming practices directly influence the movement of Simazine in soils as well. Tilled fields lower the runoff of Simazine when compared to untilled fields, but tilling can also contribute to its movement into groundwater. Planting cover crops on untilled land can significantly reduce Simazine runoff. Such practices are important because Simazine and its byproducts have been detected in groundwater in The Netherlands, Denmark, and parts of the U.S. (California, North Carolina, Illinois, and Wisconsin) at significant concentrations. Concentrations have also been detected in surface waters around the U.S. and United Kingdom. Although the physicochemical properties of Simazine do not support volatilization, residues have been found in the atmosphere and correlate with its application. Although at low concentrations, Simazine has also been detected in precipitation in Pennsylvania (U.S.), Greece, and Paris (France). Abiotically, Simazine can be oxidized to several degradation products. Although hydrolysis does not contribute to the dissipation of Simazine, photolysis does. Microbial degradation is the primary means of Simazine dissipation, but the process is relatively slow and kinetically controlled. Some bacteria and fungal species capable of utilizing Simazine as a sole carbon and nitrogen source at a fast rate under laboratory conditions have been identified. Metabolism of Simazine in higher organisms is via cytochrome P-450-mediated oxidation and glutathione conjugation.
Estimating simazine-treated area in watersheds based on annual stream loads
J Environ Qual 2021 Sep;50(5):1184-1195.PMID:34164806DOI:10.1002/jeq2.20257.
Existing data in the United States are insufficient for estimating pesticide-treated crop areas at the watershed scale. The objective of this research was to evaluate an approach for estimating Simazine usage on corn (Zea mays L.) based on its transport to streams of the Salt River Basin (SRB) of Missouri, USA. Annual loads of total Simazine and atrazine (parent + metabolites) were quantified for seven SRB watersheds from 2005 to 2017. Simazine-treated corn area was computed as the total Simazine load (g) divided by total atrazine load (g ha-1 ) on a treated area basis; atrazine was used as surrogate in the absence of treated area Simazine load data. From 2005 to 2010, an estimated 3.8-31% of the corn area within SRB watersheds was treated with Simazine, and four of six watersheds had <10% of corn treated. In contrast, Long Branch Creek (2005-2017) and its sub-watersheds (2012-2017) had ≥20% of corn area treated with Simazine. Key sources of variation in treated area estimates included extremely dry years with little Simazine transport and disparities between spring-applied atrazine and fall-applied Simazine transport. However, compared with national estimates for the SRB, these results estimated Simazine usage that was generally one to two orders of magnitude greater and showed far more spatial and temporal variation among watersheds. These results demonstrated that this broadly applicable output-based method is a significant improvement over existing input-based national data for estimating pesticide usage in watersheds.
Toxicity endpoint selections for a Simazine risk assessment
Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2014 Aug;101(4):308-24.PMID:25078261DOI:10.1002/bdrb.21114.
Background: California uses Simazine at one of the highest levels for states in the United States (approximately 2.5 million lbs 2006-2010). Simazine causes neuroendocrine disruption and mammary cancer in test animals. A risk assessment was prioritized by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation because of the nondietary concern for Simazine exposure to occupational/nonoccupational Simazine users, resident nonusers, and bystanders (especially children and children exhibiting pica) at greatest risk. Methods: No observed effect levels (NOELs) from animal studies as well as human exposure data were used to determine nondietary values for the above populations. Registrant-submitted and open literature studies focusing on oral (major human route) effects for Simazine and the major metabolites desisopropyl-s-atrazine and diaminochlorotriazine were reviewed as part of the hazard identification process. Results: Developmental, reproduction, and chronic studies provided the lowest NOELs for the acute (5 mg/kg/day), subchronic (0.56 mg/kg/day), and chronic (0.52 mg/kg/day) exposure durations, respectively. A benchmark dose (95th percentile) was calculated for mammary tumorigenesis, assuming a threshold mechanism in rats (benchmark dose lower limit [95th percentile; BMDL05 ]: 2.9 mg/kg/day). Margins of exposure and uncertainty factors (100-300×, depending on exposure scenario) were used to characterize risk for designated population subgroups. Conclusions: Fetal developmental delays, endocrine disruption, and mammary tumors resulted from Simazine treatment. Systemic and maternal/fetal effects determined the critical NOELs used in risk assessment. Margins of exposures for most scenarios were below acceptable levels, especially for children who may be bystanders where Simazine is applied and children who exhibit pica. This risk characterization raises a concern for long-term effects in humans.
Field effects of Simazine at lower trophic levels--a review
Sci Total Environ 2002 Sep 16;296(1-3):117-37.PMID:12398331DOI:10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00065-7.
Simazine is a triazine herbicide used in agriculture, pot-plant and tree production. The total concentrations (dissolved + adsorbed) in soil depend on the application rate, for example an application rate of 1500 g Simazine/ha will result in approximately 4 mg Simazine/kg in the top 1 cm. It may be spread to adjacent areas due to drift, runoff or evaporation. In fresh water concentrations approximately 4 microg Simazine/l has been recorded. In aerial fallout--rain--concentrations of 0.680 microg Simazine/l has been recorded. In both soil and water, degradation studies have in most cases shown DT50 times that vary between a few days and 150 days, indicating that total or near total disappearance time may be at least three times longer. Low temperatures and drought may prolong the dissipation time by a factor of two or more. Laboratory studies indicate that the primary site of decomposition in the aquatic environment is the sediment. Field studies showed deleterious effects of Simazine on terrestrial invertebrates at application rates below 2 kg Simazine/ha. The direct toxicity was not confirmed by laboratory results, however, these were sparse and did not cover a broad range of soil organisms. No field studies were found dealing with invertebrates, but laboratory studies have shown deleterious effects of Simazine on aquatic invertebrates at concentrations above 20 microg Simazine/l. Simazine is phytotoxic to many non-target species at rates below the recommended rate. At least under some environmental conditions, Simazine can remain for a long time in the active layer and still be toxic to sensitive plants 1 year after application. Despite its phytotoxicity many plant species become more and more tolerant in cases of repeated use for many years and some have become resistant. Simazine is not highly toxic to soil microflora and algae, although some species definitely are affected both in an inhibitory and a stimulatory way. Most investigations predict no long-term consequences to soil and aquatic microflora in association with recommended and appropriate use giving rise to maximum expected environmental concentrations of 5 mg Simazine/kg in soil and 4 microg Simazine/l in water.