Trigonelline-d3 (chloride)
(Synonyms: Trigonelline-d3 hydrochloride) 目录号 : GC49884
An internal standard for the quantification of trigonelline
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >99.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Trigonelline-d3 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of trigonelline by GC- or LC-MS. Trigonelline is an alkaloid that has been found in L. japonicus and an active metabolite of niacin that has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4 It increases levels of the brown fat marker proteins PRDM16, PGC-1α, and UCP1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes when used at a concentration of 75 µM.1 Trigonelline inhibits degranulation of, and decreases the production of IL-6 and TNF-α in, activated primary mouse bone marrow mast cells (BMMCs).2 In vivo, trigonelline (200 mg/kg) reduces serum IgE levels, pulmonary immune cell infiltration, and mucus secretion in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma. It reduces serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and renal cell apoptosis, as well as increases protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in a rat model of high-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic nephropathy when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg.3 Trigonelline (50 mg/kg) reduces hepatic de novo lipogenesis, induces hepatic autophagy, and prevents weight gain, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in a mouse model of high-cholesterol and high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).4
1.Choi, M., Mukherjee, S., and Yun, J.W.Trigonelline induces browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytesPhytother Res.35(2)1113-1124(2021) 2.Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, S., et al.Trigonelline, an alkaloid from Leonurus japonicus Houtt., suppresses mast cell activation and OVA-induced allergic asthmaFront. Pharmacol.12687970(2021) 3.Li, Y., Li, Q., Wang, C., et al.Trigonelline reduced diabetic nephropathy and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γExp. Ther. Med.18(2)1331-1337(2019) 4.Sharma, L., Lone, N.A., Knott, R.M., et al.Trigonelline prevents high cholesterol and high fat diet induced hepatic lipid accumulation and lipo-toxicity in C57BL/6J mice, via restoration of hepatic autophagyFood Chem. Toxicol.121283-296(2018)
| Cas No. | SDF | Download SDF | |
| 别名 | Trigonelline-d3 hydrochloride | ||
| Canonical SMILES | O=C(C1=C[N+](C([2H])([2H])[2H])=CC=C1)O.[Cl-] | ||
| 分子式 | C7H5D3NO2 • Cl | 分子量 | 176.6 |
| 溶解度 | DMF: Slightly soluble,DMSO: soluble,Ethanol: Slightly soluble,PBS (pH 7.2): 10 mg/mL | 储存条件 | -20°C |
| General tips | 请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。 储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 为了提高溶解度，请将管子加热至37℃，然后在超声波浴中震荡一段时间。 |
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| Shipping Condition | 评估样品解决方案：配备蓝冰进行发货。所有其他可用尺寸：配备RT，或根据请求配备蓝冰。 | ||
| 制备储备液 | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 5.6625 mL | 28.3126 mL | 56.6251 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.1325 mL | 5.6625 mL | 11.325 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.5663 mL | 2.8313 mL | 5.6625 mL |
| 第一步：请输入基本实验信息（考虑到实验过程中的损耗，建议多配一只动物的药量） | ||||||||||
| 给药剂量 | mg/kg |  |
动物平均体重 | g | |
每只动物给药体积 | ul | |
动物数量 | 只 |
| 第二步：请输入动物体内配方组成（配方适用于不溶于水的药物；不同批次药物配方比例不同，请联系GLPBIO为您提供正确的澄清溶液配方） | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % saline | ||||||||||
| 计算重置 | ||||||||||
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/ml；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL，
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL saline，混匀澄清。
1. 首先保证母液是澄清的；
2.
一定要按照顺序依次将溶剂加入，进行下一步操作之前必须保证上一步操作得到的是澄清的溶液，可采用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等物理方法助溶。
3. 以上所有助溶剂都可在 GlpBio 网站选购。
A Quick Reference on chloride
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2017 Mar;47(2):219-222.PMID:28007306DOI:10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.10.008.
chloride is an essential element, playing important roles in digestion, muscular activity, regulation of body fluids, and acid-base balance. As the most abundant anion in extracellular fluid, chloride plays a major role in maintaining electroneutrality. chloride is intrinsically linked to sodium in maintaining osmolality and fluid balance and has an inverse relationship with bicarbonate in maintaining acid-base balance. It is likely because of these close ties that chloride does not get the individual attention it deserves; we can use these facts to simplify and interpret changes in serum chloride concentrations.
Development and biological applications of chloride-sensitive fluorescent indicators
Am J Physiol 1990 Sep;259(3 Pt 1):C375-88.PMID:2205105DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.1990.259.3.C375.
chloride movement across cell plasma and internal membranes, is of central importance for regulation of cell volume and pH, vectorial salt movement in epithelia, and, probably, intracellular traffic. Quinolinium-based chloride-sensitive fluorescent indicators provide a new approach to study chloride transport mechanisms and regulation that is complementary to 36Cl tracer methods, intracellular microelectrodes, and patch clamp. Indicator fluorescence is quenched by chloride by a collisional mechanism with Stern-Volmer constants of up to 220 M-1. Fluorescence is quenched selectively by chloride in physiological systems and responds to changes in chloride concentration in under 1 ms. The indicators are nontoxic and can be loaded into living cells for continuous measurement of intracellular chloride concentration by single-cell fluorescence microscopy. In this review, the structure-activity relationships for chloride-sensitive fluorescent indicators are described. Methodology for measurement of chloride transport in isolated vesicle and liposome systems and in intact cells is evaluated critically by use of examples from epithelial cell physiology. Future directions for synthesis of tailored chloride-sensitive indicators and new applications of indicators for studies of transport regulation and intracellular ion gradients are proposed.
chloride toxicity in critically ill patients: What's the evidence?
Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2017 Apr;36(2):125-130.PMID:27476827DOI:10.1016/j.accpm.2016.03.008.
Crystalloids have become the fluid of choice in critically ill patients and in the operating room both for fluid resuscitation and fluid maintenance. Among crystalloids, NaCl 0.9% has been the most widely used fluid. However, emerging evidence suggests that administration of 0.9% saline could be harmful mainly through high chloride content and that the use of fluid with low chloride content may be preferable in major surgery and intensive care patients. Administration of NaCl 0.9% is the leading cause of metabolic hyperchloraemic acidosis in critically ill patients and side effects might target coagulation, renal function, and ultimately increase mortality. More balanced solutions therefore may be used especially when large amount of fluids are administered in high-risk patients. In this review, we discuss physiological background favouring the use of balanced solutions as well as the most recent clinical data regarding the use of crystalloid solutions in critically ill patients and patients undergoing major surgery.
Salt reduction in vegetable fermentation: reality or desire?
J Food Sci 2013 Aug;78(8):R1095-100.PMID:23772964DOI:10.1111/1750-3841.12170.
NaCl is a widely used chemical in food processing which affects sensory characteristics and safety; in fact, its presence is frequently essential for the proper preservation of the products. Because the intake of high contents of sodium is linked to adverse effects on human health, consumers demand foods with low-sodium content. A 1st step to reduce the use of salt would imply the proper application of this compound, reducing its levels to those technologically necessary. In addition, different chloride salts have been evaluated as replacers for NaCl, but KCl, CaCl2 , and ZnCl2 show the most promising perspectives of use. However, prior to any food reformulation, there is a need for exhaustive research before its application at industrial level. Salt reduction may lead to an increased risk in the survival/ growth of pathogens and may also alter food flavor and cause economic losses. This review deals with the technological, microbiological, sensorial, and health aspects of the potential low-salt and salt-substituted vegetable products and how this important segment of the food industry is responding to consumer demand.
CMBEAR: Python-Based Recharge Estimator Using the chloride Mass Balance Method in Australia
Ground Water 2022 May;60(3):418-425.PMID:34919277DOI:10.1111/gwat.13161.
The chloride mass balance (CMB) method is widely used to estimate long-term rates of groundwater recharge. In regions where surface water runoff is negligible, recharge can be estimated using measurements of chloride concentrations of groundwater and precipitation, and an estimate of long-term average rainfall. This paper presents the chloride Mass Balance Estimator of Australian Recharge (CMBEAR), a Jupyter (Python) Notebook that is set up to rapidly apply the CMB method using gridded maps of chloride deposition rates across the Australian continent. For an Australian context, the chloride deposition rate and rainfall maps have been provided. Thus, CMBEAR requires only a spreadsheet with the groundwater chloride concentration, the latitude and longitude of the sample location, and some simple user inputs. CMBEAR may be easily applied in other regions, providing that a gridded chloride deposition map is available. Recharge estimates from CMBEAR are compared against published applications of the CMB method. CMBEAR is also applied to a large dataset from the Northern Territory and is used to produce a gridded map of recharge for western Victoria. CMBEAR provides a reproducible and straightforward approach to apply the CMB method to estimate groundwater recharge.