Urolithin A

Urolithin A, a gut-microbial metabolite of ellagic acid, exerts anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidant properties. Urolithin A induces autophagy and apoptosis, suppresses cell cycle progression, and inhibits DNA synthesis[1][2].

Micromolar urolithin A concentrations induces both autophagy and apoptosis. Urolithin A suppresses cell cycle progression and inhibited DNA synthesis in human sw620 colorectal cancer cells[2].Urolithin A shows antiproliferative effects and inhibits T24 and Caco-2 cell growth with IC50s of 43.9 and 49 μM, respectively[3].Urolithin A exerts a dose- and time-dependent significant arrest at G2/M and S phases after treatments with 50 and 100 μM at 24 and 48 h compared to control cells. It induces cell apoptosis with 50 and 100 μM [4].Urolithin A shows potent antiproliferative activity on HepG2 cells. When cell death is induced by Urolithin A, the expression of β-catenin, c-Myc and Cyclin D1 are decreased and TCF/LEF transcriptional activation is notably down-regulated. Urolithin A also increases protein expression of p53, p38-MAPK and caspase-3, but suppresses expression of NF-κB p65 and other inflammatory mediators[5].

The volume of paw edema is reduced at 1 h after oral administration of urolithin A. In addition, plasma in treated mice exhibited significant oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) scores with high plasma levels of the unconjugated form at 1 h after oral administration of urolithin A[6].

Urolithin A是由榄香酸在肠道菌群代谢产生的代谢物，具有抗炎、抗增殖和抗氧化等多种属性。Urolithin A诱导自噬和细胞凋亡，抑制细胞周期进程并抑制DNA合成[1][2]。

微摩尔浓度的Urolithin A能诱导自噬和细胞凋亡。Urolithin A抑制人类结肠癌细胞sw620的细胞周期进程并抑制DNA合成[2]。Urolithin A对T24和Caco-2细胞的生长具有抑制作用，IC50分别为43.9和49μM[3]。Urolithin A在50和100 μM的浓度下，表现出剂量-时间依赖的明显的G2/M和S期阻滞效应，并能诱导细胞凋亡[4]。Urolithin A对HepG2细胞表现出强效的抑制增殖作用。在诱导细胞死亡的过程中，β-连环蛋白、c-Myc和Cyclin D1的表达下调，TCF/LEF转录活性显著降低。此外，Urolithin A还能增加p53、p38-MAPK和caspase-3的蛋白表达，但抑制NF-κB p65和其他炎症介质的表达[5]。

口服Urolithin A后1小时，脚肿胀体积明显降低。此外，在治疗小鼠的血浆中，出现了高氧自由基抗氧化能力（ORAC）分数以及大量的未结合形式的Urolithin A[6]。

References:
[1]. Gong Z, et al. Urolithin A attenuates memory impairment and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice.
[2]. Wang Y, et al. In vitro antiproliferative and antioxidant effects of urolithin A, the colonic metabolite of ellagic acid, on hepatocellular carcinomas HepG2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2015 Aug;29(5):1107-15.
[3]. Zhao W, et al. Metabolite of ellagitannins, urolithin A induces autophagy and inhibits metastasis in human sw620colorectal cancer cells. Mol Carcinog. 2018 Feb;57(2):193-200.
[4]. Ishimoto H, et al. In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Oct 1;21(19):5901-4.
[5]. Qiu Z, et al. In vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of ellagic acid and its colonic metabolite, urolithins, on human bladder cancer T24 cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Sep;59:428-37.
[6]. González-Sarrías A, et al. Antiproliferative activity of the ellagic acid-derived gut microbiota isourolithin A and comparison with its urolithin A isomer: the role of cell metabolism.Eur J Nutr. 2017 Mar;56(2):831-841.