Verrucarin A

Verrucarin A is a macrocyclic trichothecene that has been found in M. verrucaria and has diverse biological activities.^1,2,3,4 It induces apoptosis and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MDA-MB-231 and T47D breast cancer cells when used at concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 ng/ml.¹ Verrucarin A enhances LPS-induced secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 in macrophage-differentiated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).² It inhibits the growth of the multidrug-resistant P. falciparum strain K1 (EC₅₀ = 0.9 ng/ml).³ Verrucarin A is active against M. incognita root-knot nematodes (MIC = 1.88 µg/ml).⁴

1.Palanivel, K., Kanimozhi, V., Kadalmani, B., et al.Verrucarin A, a protein synthesis inhibitor, induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and T47DBiotechnol. Lett.35(9)1395-1403(2013) 2.Kankkunen, P., Rintahaka, J., Aalto, A., et al.Trichothecene mycotoxins activate inflammatory response in human macrophagesJ. Immunol.182(10)6418-6425(2009) 3.Isaka, M., Punya, J., Lertwerawat, Y., et al.Antimalarial activity of macrocyclic trichothecenes isolated from the fungus Myrothecium verrucariaJ. Nat. Prod.62(2)329-331(1999) 4.Nguyen, L.T.T., Jang, J.Y., Kim, T.Y., et al.Nematicidal activity of verrucarin A and roridin A isolated from Myrothecium verrucaria against Meloidogyne incognitaPestic. Biochem. Physiol.148133-143(2018)